XML::Twig(3)

NAME
XML::Twig - A perl module for processing huge XML documents in tree mode.

SYNOPSIS
Note that this documentation is intended as a reference to the module.

Complete docs, including a tutorial, examples, an easier to use HTML version, a quick reference card and a FAQ are available at <http://www.xmltwig.org/xmltwig>.

Small documents (loaded in memory as a tree):

  my $twig=XML::Twig->new();    # create the twig
  $twig->parsefile( 'doc.xml'); # build it
  my_process( $twig);           # use twig methods to process it
  $twig->print;                 # output the twig

Huge documents (processed in combined stream/tree mode):

  # at most one div will be loaded in memory
  my $twig=XML::Twig->new(
    twig_handlers =>
      { title   => sub { $_->set_tag( 'h2') }, # change title tags to h2
                                               # $_ is the current element
        para    => sub { $_->set_tag( 'p')  }, # change para to p
        hidden  => sub { $_->delete;       },  # remove hidden elements
        list    => \&my_list_process,          # process list elements
        div     => sub { $_[0]->flush;     },  # output and free memory
      },
    pretty_print => 'indented',                # output will be nicely formatted
    empty_tags   => 'html',                    # outputs <empty_tag />
                         );
  $twig->parsefile( 'my_big.xml');

  sub my_list_process
    { my( $twig, $list)= @_;
      # ...
    }

See XML::Twig 101 for other ways to use the module, as a filter for example.

DESCRIPTION
This module provides a way to process XML documents. It is built on top of "XML::Parser".

The module offers a tree interface to the document, while allowing you to output the parts of it that have been completely processed.

It allows minimal resource (CPU and memory) usage by building the tree only for the parts of the documents that need actual processing, through the use of the "twig_roots " and "twig_print_outside_roots " options. The "finish " and "finish_print " methods also help to increase performance.

XML::Twig tries to make simple things easy, so it tries its best to takes care of a lot of the (usually) annoying (but sometimes necessary) features that come with XML and XML::Parser.

TOOLS
XML::Twig comes with a few command-line utilities:

  xml_pp - xml pretty-printer
XML pretty-print using XML::Twig.

  xml_grep - grep XML files looking for specific elements
"xml_grep" does a grep on XML files. Instead of using regular expressions it uses XPath expressions (in fact the subset of XPath supported by XML::Twig).

  xml_split - cut a big XML file into smaller chunks
"xml_split" takes a (presumably big) XML file and split it in several smaller files, based on various criteria (level in the tree, size or an XPath expression).

  xml_merge - merge back XML files split with xml_split
"xml_merge" takes several xml files that have been split using "xml_split" and recreates a single file.

  xml_spellcheck - spellcheck XML files
"xml_spellcheck" lets you spell-check the contents of an XML file. It extracts the text (the content of elements and optionally of attributes), call a spell checker on it, then recreates the XML document.

XML::Twig 101
XML::Twig can be used either on "small" XML documents (that fit in memory), or on huge ones by processing parts of the document and outputting or discarding them once they are processed.

  Loading an XML document and processing it
  my $t= XML::Twig->new();
  $t->parse( '<d><title>title</title><para>p 1</para><para>p 2</para></d>');
  my $root= $t->root;
  $root->set_tag( 'html');              # change doc to html
  $title= $root->first_child( 'title'); # get the title
  $title->set_tag( 'h1');               # turn it into h1
  my @para= $root->children( 'para');   # get the para children
  foreach my $para (@para)
    { $para->set_tag( 'p'); }           # turn them into p
  $t->print;                            # output the document

Other useful methods include:

att: "$elt->att( 'foo')" return the "foo" attribute for an element,

set_att : "$elt->set_att( foo => "bar")" sets the "foo" attribute to the "bar" value,

next_sibling: "$elt->next_sibling" return the next sibling in the document (in the example "$title->next_sibling" is the first "para", you can also (and actually should) use "$elt->next_sibling( 'para')" to get it.

The document can also be transformed through the use of the cut, copy, paste and move methods: "$title->cut; $title->paste( after => $p);" for example.

And much, much more, see XML::Twig::Elt.

  Processing an XML document chunk by chunk
One of the strengths of XML::Twig is that it lets you work with files that do not fit in memory. Storing an XML document in memory as a tree is quite memory-expensive; the expansion factor being often around 10x.

To do this, you can define handlers that will be called once a specific element has been completely parsed (closed). In these handlers, you can access the element and process it as you see fit, using the navigation and the cut/copy/paste methods, plus lots of convenient ones like "prefix ". Once the element is completely processed, you can then "flush " it, which outputs the element and frees its memory. You can also "purge " it if you don't need to output it (if you are just extracting some data from the document for example). The handler will be called again once the next relevant element has been parsed.

  my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_handlers =>
                          { section => \&section,
                            para   => sub { $_->set_tag( 'p'); }
                          },
                       );
  $t->parsefile( 'doc.xml');

  # the handler is called once a section is completely parsed, ie when
  # the end tag for section is found, it receives the twig itself and
  # the element (including all its sub-elements) as arguments
  sub section
    { my( $t, $section)= @_;      # arguments for all twig_handlers
      $section->set_tag( 'div');  # change the tag name
      # let's use the attribute nb as a prefix to the title
      my $title= $section->first_child( 'title'); # find the title
      my $nb= $title->att( 'nb'); # get the attribute
      $title->prefix( "$nb - ");  # easy isn't it?
      $section->flush;            # outputs the section and frees memory
    }

When a handler is called, $_ contains the element matched by the handler.

You can trigger handlers on more elaborate conditions. This handler matches only "title" elements that are in in "section" elements:

  my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_handlers =>
                           { 'section/title' => sub { $_->print } }
                       )
                  ->parsefile( 'doc.xml');

Here "sub { $_->print }" simply prints the current element.

Handlers can also test for the presence or content of attributes:

  my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_handlers =>
                      { 'section[@level="1" or @force]' => sub { $_->print } }
                       );
                  ->parsefile( 'doc.xml');

You can also use "start_tag_handlers " to process an element as soon as the start tag is found.

  Processing just parts of an XML document
The twig_roots mode builds only the required sub-trees from the document. Anything outside of the twig roots is ignored:

  my $t= XML::Twig->new(
       # the twig will include just the root and selected titles
           twig_roots   => { 'section/title' => \&print_n_purge,
                             'annex/title'   => \&print_n_purge
           }
                      );
  $t->parsefile( 'doc.xml');

  sub print_n_purge
    { my( $t, $elt)= @_;
      print $elt->text;    # print the text (including sub-element texts)
      $t->purge;           # frees the memory
    }

You can use that mode when you want to process parts of a documents but are not interested in the rest and you don't want to pay the price, either in time or memory, to build the tree for the it.

  Building an XML filter
You can combine the "twig_roots" and the "twig_print_outside_roots" options to build filters, which let you modify selected elements and output the rest of the document as-is.

This would convert prices in $ to prices in Euro in a document:

  my $t= XML::Twig->new(
           twig_roots   => { 'price' => \&convert, },   # process prices
           twig_print_outside_roots => 1,               # print the rest
                      );
  $t->parsefile( 'doc.xml');

  sub convert
    { my( $t, $price)= @_;
      my $currency=  $price->att( 'currency');          # get the currency
      if( $currency eq 'USD')
        { $usd_price= $price->text;                     # get the price
          # %rate is just a conversion table
          my $euro_price= $usd_price * $rate{usd2euro};
          $price->set_text( $euro_price);               # set the new price
          $price->set_att( currency => 'EUR');          # don't forget this!
        }
      $price->print;                                    # output the price
    }

  XML::Twig and various versions of Perl, XML::Parser and expat:
XML::Twig is a lot more sensitive to variations in versions of perl, XML::Parser and expat than to the OS, so this should cover some reasonable configurations.

The "recommended configuration" is perl 5.10.0+ (for good Unicode support), XML::Parser 2.31+, and expat 1.95.5+.

See <http://testers.cpan.org/search?request=dist&dist=XML-Twig> for the CPAN testers reports on XML::Twig, which list all tested configurations.

An Atom feed of the CPAN Testers results is available at <http://xmltwig.org/rss/twig_testers.rss>.

Finally:

XML::Twig does NOT work with expat 1.95.4.
XML::Twig only works with XML::Parser 2.27 in perl 5.10.0+.
    Note that I can't compile XML::Parser 2.27 anymore, so I can't guarantee that it still works.

XML::Parser 2.28 does not really work.

When in doubt, upgrade expat, XML::Parser, and Scalar::Util.

Finally, for some optional features, XML::Twig depends on some additional modules. The complete list, which depends somewhat on the version of Perl that you are running, is given by running "t/zz_dump_config.t".

Simplifying XML processing

Whitespaces
    Whitespaces that look non-significant are discarded. This behaviour can be controlled using the "keep_spaces ", "keep_spaces_in " and "discard_spaces_in " options.

Encoding
    You can specify that you want the output in the same encoding as the input (provided you have valid XML, which means you have to specify the encoding either in the document or when you create the Twig object) using the "keep_encoding " option.

    You can also use "output_encoding " to convert the internal UTF-8 format to the required encoding.

Comments and Processing Instructions (PI)
    Comments and PIs can be hidden from the processing, but still appear in the output (they are carried by the "real" element closer to them). Or, they can be made available to processing as "#COMMENT" and "#PI" elements.

Pretty Printing
    XML::Twig can output the document pretty-printed so it is easier to read for us humans.

Surviving an untimely death
    XML parsers are supposed to react violently when fed improper XML. XML::Parser just dies.

    XML::Twig provides the "safe_parse " and the "safe_parsefile " methods which wraps the parse in an "eval" and returns either the parsed twig or 0 in case of failure.

Private attributes
    Attributes with a name starting with # (illegal in XML!) will not be output, so you can safely use them to store temporary values during processing. Note that you can store anything in a private attribute, not just text, it's just a regular Perl variable, so a reference to an object or a huge data structure is perfectly fine.

CLASSES
XML::Twig uses a very limited number of classes. The ones you are most likely to use are "XML::Twig ", which represents a complete XML document, including the document itself (the root of the document itself is "root "), its handlers, its input or output filters... The other main class is "XML::Twig::Elt ", which models an XML element. "Element" here has a very wide definition: it can be a regular element, or text stored in a "#PCDATA" (or "#CDATA") tag, an entity (tag is "#ENT"), a Processing Instruction ("#PI"), or a comment ("#COMMENT").

XML::Twig and XML::Twig::Elt are the two commonly used classes.

You might want to look the "elt_class " option if you want to subclass "XML::Twig::Elt".

Attributes are just attached to their parent element, they are not objects per se. (Please use the provided methods "att " and "set_att " to access them, if you access them as a hash, then your code becomes implementation dependent and might break in the future.)

Other classes that are seldom used are "XML::Twig::Entity_list " and "XML::Twig::Entity ".

If you use "XML::Twig::XPath " instead of "XML::Twig", elements are then created as "XML::Twig::XPath::Elt ".

METHODS

  XML::Twig
A twig is a subclass of XML::Parser, so all XML::Parser methods can be called on a twig object, including parse and parsefile. "setHandlers" on the other hand cannot be used, see "BUGS ".

new This is a class method, the constructor for XML::Twig. Options are passed as keyword-value pairs. Recognized options are the same as XML::Parser, plus some (in fact a lot!) XML::Twig specifics.

    New Options:

    twig_handlers
        This argument consists of a hash "{ expression =" \&handler}> where expression is a an XPath-like expression (+ some others).

        XPath expressions are limited to using the child and descendant axis (indeed you can't specify an axis), and predicates cannot be nested. You can use the "string", or string(<tag>) function (except in "twig_roots" triggers).

        Additionally you can use regexps (/ delimited) to match attribute and string values.

        Examples:

          foo
          foo/bar
          foo//bar
          /foo/bar
          /foo//bar
          /foo/bar[@att1 = "val1" and @att2 = "val2"]/baz[@a >= 1]
          foo[string()=~ /^duh!+/]
          /foo[string(bar)=~ /\d+/]/baz[@att != 3]

        #CDATA can be used to call a handler for a CDATA tag. #COMMENT can be used to call a handler for comments.

        Some additional (non-XPath) expressions are also provided for convenience:

        processing instructions
            '?' or '#PI' triggers the handler for any processing instruction, and '?<target>' or '#PI <target>' triggers a handler for processing instruction with the given target( ex: '#PI xml-stylesheet').

        level(<level>)
            Triggers the handler on any element at that level in the tree (root is level 1).

        _all_
            Triggers the handler for all elements in the tree.

        _default_
            Triggers the handler for each element that does NOT have any other handler.

        Handlers are evaluated and queued against the input document, then executed. Changes made by one handler (such as tag name changes, moving or wrapping the element - even in start-tag handlers) <do not> affect subsequent queued handlers even if the modifications cause their trigger expression to no longer match. There is an exception to this: "private" attributes (whose names start with a '#' and can only be created during processing, as they are not valid XML) are checked against the current twig.

        Handlers are triggered in fixed order, sorted by their type (xpath expressions first, then regexps, then level), then by whether they specify a full path (starting at the root element) or not, then by number of steps in the expression, then the number of predicates, then the number of tests in predicates. Handlers where the last step does not specify a step ("foo/bar/*") are triggered after other XPath handlers. Finally "_all_" handlers are triggered last.

        Important: Once a handler has been triggered, if it returns 0 then no other handler is called, except the "_all_" handler which is always called.

        If a handler returns a true value and other handlers apply, then the next applicable handler will be called. Repeat, rinse, lather..; The exception to that rule is when the "do_not_chain_handlers " option is set, in which case only the first handler will be called.

        It is a good idea to explicitly return a short true value (like 1) from handlers; this ensures that other applicable handlers are called even if the last statement for the handler happens to evaluate to false. This can also speed up the code by avoiding the result of the last statement of the code to be copied and passed to the code managing handlers. It can really pay to have 1 instead of a long string returned.

        When the closing tag for an element is parsed, the corresponding handler is called with two arguments: the twig and the "Element ". The twig includes the document tree that has been built so far, the element is the complete sub-tree for the element.

        Because handlers are called only when the closing tag for the element is found, this means that handlers for inner elements are called before handlers for outer elements.

        $_ is also set to the element, so it is easy to write inline handlers like:

          para => sub { $_->set_tag( 'p'); }

        Text is stored in elements whose tag name is "#PCDATA" (due to mixed content, text and sub-element in an element there is no way to store the text as just an attribute of the enclosing element).

        Warning: If you have used "purge" or "flush" on the twig, the element might not be complete: some of its children might have been entirely flushed or purged, and the start tag might even have been printed (by "flush") already, so changing its tag might not give the expected result.

    twig_roots
        This argument lets you build the tree only for those elements you are interested in.

          Example: my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_roots => { title => 1, subtitle => 1});
                   $t->parsefile( file);
                   my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_roots => { 'section/title' => 1});
                   $t->parsefile( file);

        returns a twig containing a document including only "title" and "subtitle" elements, as children of the root element.

        You can use generic_attribute_condition, attribute_condition, full_path, partial_path, tag, tag_regexp, _default_ and _all_ to trigger the building of the twig. string_condition and regexp_condition cannot be used as the content of the element, and the string, have not yet been parsed when the condition is checked.

        WARNING: Paths are checked for the document. Even if the "twig_roots" option is used, they will be checked against the full document tree, not the virtual tree created by XML::Twig.

        WARNING: twig_roots elements should NOT be nested, that would hopelessly confuse XML::Twig.

        Note: You can set handlers (twig_handlers) using twig_roots
          Example: my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_roots =>
                                { title => sub { $_[1]->print;},
                                subtitle => \&process_subtitle
                                }
                                );
                   $t->parsefile( file);

    twig_print_outside_roots
        To be used in conjunction with the "twig_roots" argument. When set to a true value, this prints the document outside of the "twig_roots" elements.

         Example: my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_roots => { title => \&number_title },
                                        twig_print_outside_roots => 1,
                                       );
                   $t->parsefile( file);
                   { my $nb;
                   sub number_title
                     { my( $twig, $title);
                       $nb++;
                       $title->prefix( "$nb ");
                       $title->print;
                     }
                   }

        This example prints the document outside of the title element, calls "number_title" for each "title" element, prints it, and then resumes printing the document. The twig is built only for the "title" elements.

        If the value is a reference to a file handle, then the document outside the "twig_roots" elements will be output to this file handle:

          open( my $out, '>', 'out_file.xml') or die "cannot open out file.xml out_file:$!";
          my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_roots => { title => \&number_title },
                                 # default output to $out
                                 twig_print_outside_roots => $out,
                               );

                 { my $nb;
                   sub number_title
                     { my( $twig, $title);
                       $nb++;
                       $title->prefix( "$nb ");
                       $title->print( $out);    # you have to print to \*OUT here
                     }
                   }

    start_tag_handlers
        A hash "<{ expression =" \&handler}>>. Sets element handlers that are called when the element is open (at the end of the XML::Parser "Start" handler). The handlers are called with two parameters: the twig and the element. The element is empty at that point, but its attributes are created.

        You can use generic_attribute_condition, attribute_condition, full_path, partial_path, tag, tag_regexp, _default_ and _all_ to trigger the handler.

        string_condition and regexp_condition cannot be used as the content of the element, as the string has not yet been parsed when the condition is checked.

        The main uses for start tag handlers are to change the tag name (you might have to do it as soon as you find the open tag if you plan to "flush" the twig at some point in the element, and to create temporary attributes that will be used when processing sub-element with regular "twig_handlers".

        You should also use it to change tags if you use "flush". If you change the tag in a regular "twig_handler" then the start tag might already have been flushed.

        Note: "start_tag" handlers can be called outside of "twig_roots" if this argument is used, in this case handlers are called with the following arguments: $t (the twig), $tag (the tag of the element) and %att (a hash of the attributes of the element).

        If the "twig_print_outside_roots" argument is also used, if the last handler called returns a "true" value, then the start tag will be output as it appeared in the original document; if the handler returns a "false" value, then the start tag will not be printed (so you can print a modified string yourself for example).

        Note that you can use the ignore method in "start_tag_handlers" (and only there).

    end_tag_handlers
        A hash "<{ expression =" \&handler}>>. Sets element handlers that are called when the element is closed (at the end of the XML::Parser "End" handler). The handlers are called with two parameters: the twig and the tag of the element.

        twig_handlers are called when an element is completely parsed, so why have this redundant option? There is only one use for "end_tag_handlers": when using the "twig_roots" option, to trigger a handler for an element outside the roots. It is, for example, very useful to number titles in a document using nested sections:

          my @no= (0);
          my $no;
          my $t= XML::Twig->new(
                  start_tag_handlers =>
                   { section => sub { $no[$#no]++; $no= join '.', @no; push @no, 0; } },
                  twig_roots         =>
                   { title   => sub { $_[1]->prefix( $no); $_[1]->print; } },
                  end_tag_handlers   => { section => sub { pop @no;  } },
                  twig_print_outside_roots => 1
                              );
           $t->parsefile( $file);

        Using the "end_tag_handlers" argument without "twig_roots" will result in an error.

    do_not_chain_handlers
        If this option is set to a true value, then only one handler will be called for each element, even if several satisfy the condition.

        Note that the "_all_" handler is still called regardless.

    ignore_elts
        This option lets you ignore elements when building the twig. This is useful in cases where you cannot use "twig_roots" to ignore elements, for example if the element to ignore is a sibling of elements you are interested in.

        Example:

          my $twig= XML::Twig->new( ignore_elts => { elt => 'discard' });
          $twig->parsefile( 'doc.xml');

        This will build the complete twig for the document, except that all "elt" elements (and their children) will be left out.

        The keys in the hash are triggers, limited to the same subset as "start_tag_handlers ". The values can be "discard" to discard the element, "print" to output the element as-is, "string" to store the text of the ignored element(s), including markup, in a field of the twig: "$t->{twig_buffered_string}" or a reference to a scalar, in which case the text of the ignored element(s), including markup, will be stored in the scalar. Any other value will be treated as "discard".

    char_handler
        A reference to a subroutine that will be called every time "#PCDATA" is found.

        The subroutine receives the string as argument, and returns the modified string:

          # we want all strings in upper case
          sub my_char_handler
            { my( $text)= @_;
              $text= uc( $text);
              return $text;
            }

    css_sel
        When set to a true value, allows selectors "tag.class" in handlers.

        The dot is a valid character in element names, eg "div.header" is a completely valid XML name.

        But since XML::Twig is used quite a bit to process XHTML, and HTML based dialects, it is quite convenient to be able to use "div.header" to trigger on a "div" element with a class "header", instead of the more cumbersome "div[@class=~/\bheader\b/]".

        Note that the "tag.class" syntax is supported in navigation expressions, unless "css_sel" is explicitely set to 0.

    elt_class
        The name of a class used to store elements. This class should inherit from "XML::Twig::Elt" (and by default it is "XML::Twig::Elt"). This option is used to subclass the element class and extend it with new methods.

        This option is needed because during the parsing of the XML, elements are created by "XML::Twig" without any control from the user code.

    keep_atts_order
        Setting this option to a true value causes the attribute hash to be tied to a "Tie::IxHash" object. This means that "Tie::IxHash" needs to be installed for this option to be available. It also means that the hash keeps its order, so you will get the attributes in order. This allows outputting the attributes in the same order as they were in the original document.

    keep_encoding
        This is a (slightly?) evil option: if the XML document is not UTF-8 encoded and you want to keep it that way, then setting keep_encoding will use the "Expat" original_string method for character, thus keeping the original encoding, as well as the original entities in the strings.

        See the "t/test6.t" test file to see what results you can expect from the various encoding options.

        WARNING: This option is NOT used when parsing with the non-blocking parser ("parse_start", "parse_more", parse_done methods) which you probably should not use with XML::Twig anyway as they are totally untested!

    output_encoding
        This option generates an output_filter using "Encode", "Text::Iconv", or "Unicode::Map8" and "Unicode::Strings", and sets the encoding in the XML declaration. This is the easiest way to deal with encodings. If you need more sophisticated features, see "output_filter" below.

    output_filter
        This option is used to convert the character encoding of the output document. It is passed either a string corresponding to a predefined filter or a subroutine reference. The filter will be called every time a document or element is processed by the "print" functions ("print", "sprint", "flush").

        Pre-defined filters:

        latin1
            Uses either "Encode", "Text::Iconv" or "Unicode::Map8" and "Unicode::String" or a regexp (which works only with XML::Parser 2.27), in this order, to convert all characters to ISO-8859-15 (usually latin1 is synonym to ISO-8859-1, but in practice it seems that ISO-8859-15, which includes the euro sign, is more useful and probably what most people want).

        html
            Does the same conversion as "latin1", plus encodes entities using "HTML::Entities" (oddly enough you will need to have HTML::Entities installed for it to be available). This should only be used if the tags and attribute names themselves are in US-ASCII, or they will be converted and the output will not be valid XML anymore.

        safe
            Converts the output to ASCII (US) only plus character entities ("&#nnn;") this should be used only if the tags and attribute names themselves are in US-ASCII, or they will be converted and the output will not be valid XML anymore.

        safe_hex
            Same as "safe" except that the character entities are in hex ("&#xnnn;").

        encode_convert ($encoding)
            Returns a subref that can be used to convert utf8 strings to $encoding). Uses "Encode".

               my $conv = XML::Twig::encode_convert( 'latin1');
               my $t = XML::Twig->new(output_filter => $conv);

        iconv_convert ($encoding)
            This function is used to create a filter subroutine that will be used to convert the characters to the target encoding using "Text::Iconv" (which needs to be installed, see the documentation for the module and for the "iconv" library to find out which encodings are available on your system).

               my $conv = XML::Twig::iconv_convert( 'latin1');
               my $t = XML::Twig->new(output_filter => $conv);

        unicode_convert ($encoding)
            This function is used to create a filter subroutine that will be used to convert the characters to the target encoding using "Unicode::Strings" and "Unicode::Map8" (which need to be installed, see the documentation for the modules to find out which encodings are available on your system).

               my $conv = XML::Twig::unicode_convert( 'latin1');
               my $t = XML::Twig->new(output_filter => $conv);

        The "text" and "att" methods do not use the filter, so their result are always in unicode.

        Those predeclared filters are based on subroutines that can be used by themselves (as "XML::Twig::foo").

        html_encode ($string)
            Use "HTML::Entities" to encode a utf8 string.

        safe_encode ($string)
            Use "Encode" to encode non-ascii characters in the string in "&#<nnnn>;" format.

        safe_encode_hex ($string)
            Use "Encode" to encode non-ascii characters in the string in "&#x<nnnn>;" format.

        regexp2latin1 ($string)
            Use a regexp to encode a utf8 string into latin 1 (ISO-8859-1).

    output_text_filter
        Same as output_filter, except it doesn't apply to the brackets and quotes around attribute values. This is useful for all filters that could change the tagging, basically anything that does not just change the encoding of the output. "html", "safe" and "safe_hex" are better used with this option.

    input_filter
        This option is similar to "output_filter" except the filter is applied to the characters before they are stored in the twig, at parsing time.

    remove_cdata
        Setting this option to a true value will force the twig to output "#CDATA" sections as regular (escaped) "#PCDATA".

    parse_start_tag
        If you use the "keep_encoding" option, then this option can be used to replace the default parsing function. You should provide a coderef (a reference to a subroutine) as the argument. This subroutine takes the original tag (given by XML::Parser::Expat original_string() method) and returns a tag and the attributes in a hash (or in a list attribute_name/attribute value).

    no_xxe
        Prevents external entities to be parsed.

        This is a security feature, in case the input XML cannot be trusted. With this option set to a true value defining external entities in the document will cause the parse to fail.

        This prevents an entity like "<!ENTITY xxe PUBLIC "bar" "/etc/passwd">" to make the password field available in the document.

    expand_external_ents
        When this option is used, external entities (that are defined) are expanded when the document is output using "print" functions such as "print ", "sprint ", "flush " and "xml_string ". Note that in the twig the entity will be stored as an element with a '"#ENT"' tag, the entity will not be expanded there, so you might want to process the entities before outputting it.

        If an external entity is not available, then the parse will fail.

        A special case is when the value of this option is -1. In that case a missing entity will not cause the parser to die, but its "name", "sysid" and "pubid" will be stored in the twig as "$twig->{twig_missing_system_entities}" (a reference to an array of hashes { name => <name>, sysid => <sysid>, pubid => <pubid> }). Yes, this is a bit of a hack, but it's useful in some cases.

    load_DTD
        If this argument is set to a true value, "parse" or "parsefile" on the twig will load the DTD information. This information can then be accessed through the twig, in a "DTD_handler" for example. This will load even an external DTD.

        Default and fixed values for attributes will also be filled, based on the DTD.

        Note that to do this the module will generate a temporary file in the current directory. If this is a problem, let me know and I will add an option to specify an alternate directory.

        See "DTD Handling" for more information.

    DTD_handler
        Sets a handler that will be called once the doctype (and the DTD) have been loaded, with two arguments: the twig and the DTD.

    no_prolog
        Does not output a prolog (XML declaration and DTD).

    id  This optional argument gives the name of an attribute that can be used as an ID in the document. Elements whose ID is known can be accessed through the elt_id method. id defaults to 'id'. See "BUGS ".

    discard_spaces
        If this optional argument is set to a true value, then spaces are discarded when they look non-significant: strings containing only spaces and at least one line feed are discarded. This argument is set to true by default.

        The exact algorithm to drop spaces is: strings including only spaces (perl \s) and at least one \n right before an open or close tag are dropped.

    discard_all_spaces
        If this argument is set to a true value, spaces are discarded more aggressively than with "discard_spaces": strings not including a \n are also dropped. This option is appropriate for data-oriented XML.

    keep_spaces
        If this optional argument is set to a true value, then all spaces in the document are kept, and stored as "#PCDATA".

        Warning: Adding this option can result in changes in the twig generated: space that was previously discarded might end up in a new text element. See the difference by calling the following code with 0 and 1 as arguments:

          perl -MXML::Twig -e'print XML::Twig->new( keep_spaces => shift)->parse( "<d> \n<e/></d>")->_dump'

        "keep_spaces" and "discard_spaces" cannot be both set.

    discard_spaces_in
        This argument sets "keep_spaces" to true, but causes the twig builder to discard spaces in the elements listed.

        The syntax for using this argument is:

          XML::Twig->new( discard_spaces_in => [ 'elt1', 'elt2']);

    keep_spaces_in
        This argument sets "discard_spaces" to true, but causes the twig builder to keep spaces in the elements listed.

        The syntax for using this argument is:

          XML::Twig->new( keep_spaces_in => [ 'elt1', 'elt2']);

        Warning: Adding this option can result in changes in the twig generated: space that was previously discarded might end up in a new text element.

    pretty_print
        Sets the pretty print method. Values are '"none"' (default), '"nsgmls"', '"nice"', '"indented"', '"indented_c"', '"indented_a"', '"indented_close_tag"', '"cvs"', '"wrapped"', '"record"' and '"record_c"'.

        pretty_print formats:

        none
            The document is output as one ling string, with no line breaks except those found within text elements.

        nsgmls
            Line breaks are inserted in safe places: that is within tags, between a tag and an attribute, between attributes and before the > at the end of a tag.

            This is quite ugly but better than "none", and it is very safe, the document will still be valid (conforming to its DTD).

            This is how the SGML parser "sgmls" splits documents, hence the name.

        nice
            This option inserts line breaks before any tag that does not contain text (so elements with textual content are not broken as the \n is the significant).

            WARNING: This option leaves the document well-formed but might make it invalid (not conformant to its DTD). If you have elements declared as:

              <!ELEMENT foo (#PCDATA|bar)>

            then a "foo" element including a "bar" one will be printed as:

              <foo>
              <bar>bar is just pcdata</bar>
              </foo>

            This is invalid, as the parser will take the line break after the "foo" tag as a sign that the element contains PCDATA, it will then die when it finds the "bar" tag. This may or may not be important for you, but be aware of it!

        indented
            Same as "nice" (and with the same warning) but indents elements according to their level.

        indented_c
            Same as "indented", but a little more compact: the closing tags are on the same line as the preceding text.

        indented_close_tag
            Same as "indented", except that the closing tag is also indented, to line up with the tags within the element.

        indented_a
            This formats XML files in a line-oriented version control friendly way. The format is described in <http://tinyurl.com/2kwscq> (that's an Oracle document with an insanely long URL).

            Note that to be totaly conformant to the "spec", the order of attributes should not be changed, so if they are not already in alphabetical order you will need to use the "keep_atts_order " option.

        cvs Same as "indented_a ".

        wrapped
            Same as "indented_c", but lines are wrapped using Text::Wrap::wrap. The default length for lines is the default for $Text::Wrap::columns, and can be changed by changing that variable.

        record
            This is a record-oriented pretty print that display data in records, one field per line (which looks a LOT like "indented").

        record_c
            Stands for record compact, one record per line.

    empty_tags
        Sets the empty tag display style ('"normal"', '"html"' or '"expand"').

        "normal" outputs an empty tag '"<tag/>"', "html" adds a space '"<tag />"' for elements that can be empty in XHTML and "expand" outputs '"<tag></tag>"'.

    quote
        Sets the quote character for attributes ('"single"' or '"double"').

    escape_gt
        By default XML::Twig does not escape the > character in its output, as it is not mandated by the XML spec. With this option on, > is replaced by "&gt;".

    comments
        Sets the way comments are processed: '"drop"' (default), '"keep"' or '"process"'.

        Comment processing options:

        drop
            Drops the comments; they are not read, nor printed to the output.

        keep
            Comments are loaded and will appear on the output; they are not accessible within the twig and will not interfere with processing though.

            Note: Comments in the middle of a text element such as:

              <p>text <!-- comment --> more text --></p>

            are kept at their original position in the text. Using "print" methods like "print" or "sprint" will return the comments in the text. Using "text" or "field" on the other hand will not.

            Any use of "set_pcdata" on the "#PCDATA" element (directly or through other methods like "set_content") will delete the comment(s).

        process
            Comments are loaded in the twig and are treated as regular elements with a "tag" value of "#COMMENT". This can interfere with processing if you expect "$elt->{first_child}" to be an element but find a comment there. Schema validation will not protect you from this as comments can happen anywhere. You can use "$elt->first_child( 'tag')" (which is a good habit anyway) to get what you want.

            Consider using "process" if you are outputting SAX events from XML::Twig.

    pi  Sets the way processing instructions are processed: '"drop"', '"keep"' (default), or '"process"'.

        Note that you can also set PI handlers in the "twig_handlers" option:

          '?'       => \&handler
          '?target' => \&handler2

        The handlers will be called with two parameters, the twig and the PI element if "pi" is set to "process", and with three, the twig, the target and the data if "pi" is set to "keep". Of course they will not be called if "pi" is set to "drop".

        If "pi" is set to "keep", the handler should return a string that will be used as-is as the PI text (it should look like "" <?target data?" >" or '' if you want to remove the PI),

        Only one handler will be called, "?target" or "?" if no specific handler for that target is available.

    map_xmlns
        This option is passed a hashref that maps uris to prefixes. The prefixes in the document will be replaced by the ones in the map. The mapped prefixes can (actually have to) be used to trigger handlers, or navigate or query the document.

        Example:

          my $t= XML::Twig->new( map_xmlns => {'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' => "svg"},
                                 twig_handlers =>
                                   { 'svg:circle' => sub { $_->set_att( r => 20) } },
                                 pretty_print => 'indented',
                               )
                          ->parse( '<doc xmlns:gr="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
                                      <gr:circle cx="10" cy="90" r="10"/>
                                   </doc>'
                                 )
                          ->print;

        This will output:

          <doc xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
             <svg:circle cx="10" cy="90" r="20"/>
          </doc>

    keep_original_prefix
        When used with "map_xmlns ", this option makes "XML::Twig" use the original namespace prefixes when outputting a document. The mapped prefix are still be used for triggering handlers and in navigation and query methods.

          my $t= XML::Twig->new( map_xmlns => {'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' => "svg"},
                                 twig_handlers =>
                                   { 'svg:circle' => sub { $_->set_att( r => 20) } },
                                 keep_original_prefix => 1,
                                 pretty_print => 'indented',
                               )
                          ->parse( '<doc xmlns:gr="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
                                      <gr:circle cx="10" cy="90" r="10"/>
                                   </doc>'
                                 )
                          ->print;

        This outputs:

          <doc xmlns:gr="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
             <gr:circle cx="10" cy="90" r="20"/>
          </doc>

    original_uri ($prefix)
        Called within a handler, this returns the uri bound to the namespace prefix in the original document.

    index ($arrayref or $hashref)
        This option creates lists of specific elements during the parsing of the XML. It takes a reference to either a list of triggering expressions or to a hash name => expression, and for each one generates the list of elements that match the expression. The list can be accessed through the "index " method.

        Example:

          # using an array ref
          my $t= XML::Twig->new( index => [ 'div', 'table' ])
                          ->parsefile( "foo.xml");
          my $divs= $t->index( 'div');
          my $first_div= $divs->[0];
          my $last_table= $t->index( table => -1);

          # using a hashref to name the indexes
          my $t= XML::Twig->new( index => { email => 'a[@href=~/^ \s*mailto:/]'})
                          ->parsefile( "foo.xml");
          my $last_emails= $t->index( email => -1);

        Note that the index is not maintained after the parsing. If elements are deleted, renamed, or otherwise hurt during processing, the index is NOT updated. (Changing the id element, on the other hand, will update the index).

    att_accessors <list of attribute names>
        Creates methods that give direct access to attribute:

          my $t= XML::Twig->new( att_accessors => [ 'href', 'src'])
                          ->parsefile( $file);
          my $first_href= $t->first_elt( 'img')->src; # same as ->att( 'src')
          $t->first_elt( 'img')->src( 'new_logo.png') # changes the attribute value

    elt_accessors
        Creates methods that give direct access to the first child element (in scalar context) or the list of elements (in list context):

        The list of accessors to create can be given in two different ways: in an array, or in a hash alias => expression.

          my $t=  XML::Twig->new( elt_accessors => [ 'head'])
                          ->parsefile( $file);
          my $title_text= $t->root->head->field( 'title');
          # same as $title_text= $t->root->first_child( 'head')->field( 'title');

          my $t=  XML::Twig->new( elt_accessors => { warnings => 'p[@class="warning"]', d2 => 'div[2]'}, )
                          ->parsefile( $file);
          my $body= $t->first_elt( 'body');
          my @warnings= $body->warnings; # same as $body->children( 'p[@class="warning"]');
          my $s2= $body->d2;             # same as $body->first_child( 'div[2]')

    field_accessors
        Creates methods that give direct access to the first child element text:

          my $t=  XML::Twig->new( field_accessors => [ 'h1'])
                          ->parsefile( $file);
          my $div_title_text= $t->first_elt( 'div')->title;
          # same as $title_text= $t->first_elt( 'div')->field( 'title');

    use_tidy
        Set this option to use HTML::Tidy instead of HTML::TreeBuilder to convert HTML to XML. For HTML, especially real (real "crap") HTML found in the wild, one module or the other does a better job at the conversion. Also, HTML::Tidy can be a bit difficult to install, so XML::Twig offers both option. TIMTOWTDI.

    output_html_doctype
        When using HTML::TreeBuilder to convert HTML, this option causes the DOCTYPE declaration to be output, which may be important for some legacy browsers. Without that option the DOCTYPE definition is NOT output. Also if the definition is completely wrong (ie not easily parsable), it is not output either.

    Note: I _HATE_ the Java-like name of arguments used by most XML modules. So in pure TIMTOWTDI fashion all arguments can be written either as "UglyJavaLikeName" or as "readable_perl_name": "twig_print_outside_roots" or "TwigPrintOutsideRoots" (or even "twigPrintOutsideRoots" {shudder}). XML::Twig normalizes them before processing them.

parse ( $source)
    The $source parameter should either be a string containing the whole XML document, or it should be an open "IO::Handle" (aka a filehandle).

    A "die" call is thrown if a parse error occurs. Otherwise, it returns the twig built by the parse. Use "safe_parse" if you want the parsing to return even when an error occurs.

    If this method is called as a class method ("XML::Twig->parse( $some_xml_or_html)") then an XML::Twig object is created, using the parameters except the last one (eg "XML::Twig->parse( pretty_print => 'indented', $some_xml_or_html)") and "xparse " is called on it.

    Note that when parsing a filehandle, the handle should NOT be open with an encoding (ie open with "open( my $in, '<', $filename)". The file will be parsed by "expat", so specifying the encoding actually causes problems for the parser (as in: it can crash it, see https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=78877). For parsing a file it is actually recommended to use "parsefile" on the file name, instead of <parse> on the open file.

parsestring
    Same as "parse" (for backwards compatibility).

parsefile (FILE [, OPT => OPT_VALUE [...]])
    Opens "FILE" for reading, then calls "parse" with the open handle. The file is closed no matter how "parse" returns.

    A "die" call is thrown if a parse error occurs. Otherwise it returns the twig built by the parse. Use "safe_parsefile" if you want the parsing to return even when an error occurs.

parsefile_inplace ( $file, $optional_extension)
    Parses and updates a file "in place". It does this by creating a temporary file, selecting it as the default for print() statements (and methods), then parsing the input file. If the parsing is successful, then the temporary file is moved to replace the input file.

    If an extension is given, then the original file is backed-up (the rules for the extension are the same as the rule for the -i option in perl).

parsefile_html_inplace ( $file, $optional_extension)
    Same as parsefile_inplace, except that it parses HTML instead of XML.

parseurl ($url $optional_user_agent)
    Gets the data from $url and parses it. The data is piped to the parser in chunks the size of the XML::Parser::Expat buffer, so memory consumption and hopefully speed are optimal.

    For most (read "small") XML it is probably as efficient (and easier to debug) to just "get" the XML file and then parse it as a string:

      use XML::Twig;
      use LWP::Simple;
      my $twig= XML::Twig->new();
      $twig->parse( LWP::Simple::get( $URL ));

    or:

      use XML::Twig;
      my $twig= XML::Twig->nparse( $URL);

    If the $optional_user_agent argument is given, then it is used, otherwise a new one is created.

safe_parse ( SOURCE [, OPT => OPT_VALUE [...]])
    This method is similar to "parse" except that it wraps the parsing in an "eval" block. It returns the twig on success and 0 on failure (the twig object also contains the parsed twig). $@ contains the error message on failure.

    Note that the parsing still stops as soon as an error is detected, there is no way to keep going after an error.

safe_parsefile (FILE [, OPT => OPT_VALUE [...]])
    This method is similar to "parsefile" except that it wraps the parsing in an "eval" block. It returns the twig on success and 0 on failure (the twig object also contains the parsed twig) . $@ contains the error message on failure.

    Note that the parsing still stops as soon as an error is detected; there is no way to keep going after an error.

safe_parseurl ($url $optional_user_agent)
    Same as "parseurl" except that it wraps the parsing in an "eval" block. It returns the twig on success and 0 on failure (the twig object also contains the parsed twig) . $@ contains the error message on failure.

parse_html ($string_or_fh)
    Parse an HTML string or file handle (by converting it to XML using HTML::TreeBuilder, which needs to be available).

    This works nicely, but some information gets lost in the process: newlines are removed, and (at least on the version I use) comments get an extra CDATA section inside ( <!-- foo --> becomes <!-- <![CDATA[ foo ]]> -->.

parsefile_html ($file)
    Parse an HTML file (by converting it to XML using HTML::TreeBuilder, which needs to be available, or HTML::Tidy if the "use_tidy" option was used). The file is loaded completely in memory and converted to XML before being parsed.

    This method should be used with caution though, as it doesn't know about the file encoding. It is usually better to use "parse_html ", which gives you a chance to open the file with the proper encoding layer.

parseurl_html ($url $optional_user_agent)
    Parses an URL as HTML the same way "parse_html " does.

safe_parseurl_html ($url $optional_user_agent)
    Same as "parseurl_html "> except that it wraps the parsing in an "eval" block. It returns the twig on success and 0 on failure (the twig object also contains the parsed twig). $@ contains the error message on failure.

safe_parsefile_html ($file $optional_user_agent)
    Same as "parsefile_html "> except that it wraps the parsing in an "eval" block. It returns the twig on success and 0 on failure (the twig object also contains the parsed twig). $@ contains the error message on failure.

safe_parse_html ($string_or_fh)
    Same as "parse_html " except that it wraps the parsing in an "eval" block. It returns the twig on success and 0 on failure (the twig object also contains the parsed twig). $@ contains the error message on failure.

xparse ($thing_to_parse)
    Parses the $thing_to_parse, whether it is a filehandle, a string, an HTML file, an HTML URL, a URL, or a file.

    Note that this is mostly a convenience method for one-off scripts. For example, files that end in '.htm' or '.html' are parsed first as XML, and if this fails as HTML. This is certainly not the most efficient way to do this in general.

nparse ($optional_twig_options, $thing_to_parse)
    Creates a twig with the $optional_options, and parses the $thing_to_parse, whether it is a filehandle, a string, an HTML file, an HTML URL, a URL, or a file.

    Examples:

       XML::Twig->nparse( "file.xml");
       XML::Twig->nparse( error_context => 1, "file://file.xml");

nparse_pp ($optional_twig_options, $thing_to_parse)
    Same as "nparse " but also sets the "pretty_print" option to "indented".

nparse_e ($optional_twig_options, $thing_to_parse)
    Same as "nparse " but also sets the "error_context" option to 1.

nparse_ppe ($optional_twig_options, $thing_to_parse)
    Same as "nparse " but also sets the "pretty_print" option to "indented" and the "error_context" option to 1.

parser
    This method returns the "expat" object (actually the XML::Parser::Expat object) used during parsing. It is useful for example to call XML::Parser::Expat methods on it. To get the line of a tag for example, use "$t->parser->current_line".

setTwigHandlers ($handlers)
    Sets the twig_handlers. $handlers is a reference to a hash similar to the one in the "twig_handlers" option of "new". All previous handlers are unset. This method returns the reference to the previous handlers.

setTwigHandler ($exp $handler)
    Sets a single twig_handler for elements matching $exp. $handler is a reference to a subroutine. If the handler was previously set, then the reference to the previous handler is returned.

setStartTagHandlers ($handlers)
    Sets the start_tag handlers. $handlers is a reference to a hash similar to the one in the "start_tag_handlers" option of new. All previous handlers are unset. This method returns the reference to the previous handlers.

setStartTagHandler ($exp $handler)
    Sets a single start_tag handlers for elements matching $exp. $handler is a reference to a subroutine. If the handler was previously set, then the reference to the previous handler is returned.

setEndTagHandlers ($handlers)
    Sets the end_tag handlers. $handlers is a reference to a hash similar to the one in the "end_tag_handlers" option of new. All previous handlers are unset. This method returns the reference to the previous handlers.

setEndTagHandler ($exp $handler)
    Sets a single end_tag handlers for elements matching $exp. $handler is a reference to a subroutine. If the handler was previously set, then this reference to the previous handler is returned.

setTwigRoots ($handlers)
    Same as using the "twig_roots " option when creating the twig.

setCharHandler ($exp $handler)
    Sets a "char_handler".

setIgnoreEltsHandler ($exp)
    Sets a "ignore_elt" handler (elements that match $exp will be ignored.

setIgnoreEltsHandlers ($exp)
    Sets all "ignore_elt" handlers (previous handlers are replaced).

dtd Returns the dtd (an XML::Twig::DTD object) of a twig.

xmldecl
    Returns the XML declaration for the document, or a default one if it doesn't have one.

doctype
    Returns the doctype for the document.

doctype_name
    Returns the doctype of the document from the doctype declaration.

system_id
    Returns the system value of the DTD of the document from the doctype declaration.

public_id
    Returns the public doctype of the document from the doctype declaration.

internal_subset
    Returns the internal subset of the DTD.

dtd_text
    Returns the DTD text.

dtd_print
    Prints the DTD.

model ($tag)
    Returns the model (in the DTD) for the element $tag.

root
    Returns the root element of a twig.

set_root ($elt)
    Sets the root element of a twig.

first_elt ($optional_condition)
    Returns the first element matching $optional_condition of a twig, if no condition is given then the root is returned.

last_elt ($optional_condition)
    Returns the last element matching $optional_condition of a twig, if no condition is given then the last element of the twig is returned.

elt_id ($id)
    Returns the element whose "id" attribute is $id.

getEltById
    Same as "elt_id ".

index ($index_name, $optional_index)
    If the $optional_index argument is present, returns the corresponding element in the index (created using the "index" option for "XML::Twig-"new>).

    If the argument is not present, returns an arrayref to the index.

normalize
    Merge together all consecutive "#PCDATA" elements in the document. For example, if you have turned some elements into "#PCDATA" using "erase ", this will give you a "clean" element in which there all text fragments are as long as possible).

encoding
    Returns the encoding of the XML document, as defined by the "encoding" attribute in the XML declaration (ie it is "undef" if the attribute is not defined).

set_encoding
    Sets the value of the "encoding" attribute in the XML declaration. Note that if the document did not have a declaration it is generated (with an XML version of 1.0).

xml_version
    Returns the XML version, as defined by the "version" attribute in the XML declaration (ie it is "undef" if the attribute is not defined).

set_xml_version
    Sets the value of the "version" attribute in the XML declaration. If the declaration did not exist it is created.

standalone
    Returns the value of the "standalone" declaration for the document.

set_standalone
    Sets the value of the "standalone" attribute in the XML declaration. Note that if the document did not have a declaration it is generated (with an XML version of 1.0).

set_output_encoding
    Sets the "encoding" "attribute" in the XML declaration.

set_doctype ($name, $system, $public, $internal)
    Sets the doctype of the element. If an argument is "undef" (or not present) then its former value is retained, if a false ('' or 0) value is passed then the former value is deleted.

entity_list
    Returns the entity list of a twig.

entity_names
    Returns the list of all defined entities.

entity ($entity_name)
    Returns the entity.

notation_list
    Returns the notation list of a twig.

notation_names
    Returns the list of all defined notations.

notation ($notation_name)
    Returns the notation.

change_gi ($old_gi, $new_gi)
    Performs a (very fast) global change. All elements $old_gi are now $new_gi. This is a bit dangerous though and should be avoided if possible, as the new tag might be ignored in subsequent processing.

    See "BUGS ".

flush ($optional_filehandle, %options)
    Flushes a twig up to (and including) the current element, then deletes all unnecessary elements from the tree that are in memory. "flush" keeps track of which elements need to be open/closed, so if you flush from handlers you don't have to worry about anything. Just keep flushing the twig every time you're done with a sub-tree and it will come out well-formed. After parsing completes, don't forget to "flush" one more time to print the end of the document. The doctype and entity declarations are also printed.

    "flush" take an optional filehandle as an argument.

    If you use "flush" at any point during parsing, the document will be flushed one last time at the end of the parsing, to the proper filehandle.

    Options: use the "update_DTD" option if you have updated the (internal) DTD and/or the entity list and you want the updated DTD to be output.

    The "pretty_print" option sets the pretty printing of the document.

       Example: $t->flush( Update_DTD => 1);
                $t->flush( $filehandle, pretty_print => 'indented');
                $t->flush( \*FILE);

flush_up_to ($elt, $optional_filehandle, %options)
    Flushes up to the $elt element. This allows you to keep part of the tree in memory when you "flush".

    Options: see "flush".

purge
    Does the same as a "flush" except it does not print the twig. It just deletes all elements that have been completely parsed so far.

purge_up_to ($elt)
    Purges up to the $elt element. This allows you to keep part of the tree in memory when you "purge".

print ($optional_filehandle, %options)
    Prints the whole document associated with the twig. To be used only AFTER the parse.

    Options: see "flush".

print_to_file ($filename, %options)
    Prints the whole document associated with the twig to file $filename. To be used only AFTER the parse.

    Options: see "flush".

safe_print_to_file ($filename, %options)
    Prints the whole document associated with the twig to file $filename. This variant, which probably only works on *nix, prints to a temporary file then moves the temporary file to overwrite the original file.

    This is a bit safer when two processes can potentially write the same file: only the last one will succeed, but the file won't be corrupted. I often use this for cron jobs, so testing the code doesn't interfere with the cron job running at the same time.

    Options: see "flush".

sprint
    Returns the text of the whole document associated with the twig. To be used only AFTER the parse.

    Options: see "flush".

trim
    Trims the document: gets rid of initial and trailing spaces, and replaces multiple spaces by a single one.

toSAX1 ($handler)
    Sends SAX events for the twig to the SAX1 handler $handler.

toSAX2 ($handler)
    Sends SAX events for the twig to the SAX2 handler $handler.

flush_toSAX1 ($handler)
    Same as "flush", except that SAX events are sent to the SAX1 handler $handler instead of the twig being printed.

flush_toSAX2 ($handler)
    Same as "flush", except that SAX events are sent to the SAX2 handler $handler instead of the twig being printed.

ignore
    This method should be called during parsing, usually in "start_tag_handlers". It causes the element to be skipped during the parsing: the twig is not built for this element; it will not be accessible during parsing or after it. The element does not take up any memory and parsing will be faster.

    Note that this method can also be called on an element. If the element is a parent of the current element then this element will be ignored (the twig will not be built anymore for it and what has already been built will be deleted).

set_pretty_print ($style)
    Set the pretty print method, amongst '"none"' (default), '"nsgmls"', '"nice"', '"indented"', "indented_c", '"wrapped"', '"record"' and '"record_c"'.

    WARNING: The pretty print style is a GLOBAL variable, so once set it applies to ALL "print"'s (and "sprint"'s). Same goes if you use XML::Twig with "mod_perl". This should not be a problem as the XML that's generated is valid anyway, and XML processors (as well as HTML processors, including browsers) should not care. Let me know if this is a big problem, but at the moment the performance/cleanliness trade-off clearly favors the global approach.

set_empty_tag_style ($style)
    Sets the empty tag display style ('"normal"', '"html"' or '"expand"'). As with "set_pretty_print ", this sets a global flag.

    "normal" outputs an empty tag '"<tag/>"', "html" adds a space '"<tag />"' for elements that can be empty in XHTML, and "expand" outputs '"<tag></tag>"'.

set_remove_cdata ($flag)
    Sets (or unsets) the flag that forces the twig to output "#CDATA" sections as regular (escaped) "#PCDATA".

print_prolog ($optional_filehandle, %options)
    Prints the prolog (XML declaration + DTD + entity declarations) of a document.

    Options: see "flush ".

prolog ($optional_filehandle, %options)
    Returns the prolog (XML declaration + DTD + entity declarations) of a document.

    Options: see "flush ".

finish
    Calls the Expat "finish" method. Unsets all handlers (including internal ones that set context), but expat continues parsing to the end of the document or until it finds an error. It should finish a lot faster than with the handlers set.

finish_print
    Stops twig processing, flush the twig, and proceed to finish printing the document as fast as possible. Use this method when modifying a document and the modification is done.

finish_now
    Stops twig processing, does not finish parsing the document (which could actually be not well-formed after the point where "finish_now" is called). Execution resumes after the "Lparse"> or "parsefile " call. The content of the twig is what has been parsed so far (all open elements at the time "finish_now" is called are considered closed).

set_expand_external_entities
    Same as using the "expand_external_ents " option when creating the twig.

set_input_filter
    Same as using the "input_filter " option when creating the twig.

set_keep_atts_order
    Same as using the "keep_atts_order " option when creating the twig.

set_keep_encoding
    Same as using the "keep_encoding " option when creating the twig.

escape_gt
    Same as using the "escape_gt " option when creating the twig.

do_not_escape_gt
    Reverts XML::Twig behavior to its default of not escaping > in its output.

set_output_filter
    Same as using the "output_filter " option when creating the twig.

set_output_text_filter
    Same as using the "output_text_filter " option when creating the twig.

add_stylesheet ($type, @options)
    Adds an external stylesheet to an XML document.

    Supported types and options are:

    xsl Option: the url of the stylesheet.

        Example:

          $t->add_stylesheet( xsl => "xsl_style.xsl");

        will generate the following PI at the beginning of the document:

          <?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="xsl_style.xsl"?>

    css Option: the url of the stylesheet.

    active_twig
        a class method that returns the last processed twig, so you don't necessarily need the object to call methods on it.

Methods inherited from XML::Parser::Expat
    A twig inherits all the relevant methods from XML::Parser::Expat. These methods can only be used during the parsing phase (they will generate a fatal error otherwise).

    Inherited methods are:

    depth
        Returns the size of the context list.

    in_element
        Returns true if NAME is equal to the name of the innermost cur‐ rently opened element. If namespace processing is being used and you want to check against a name that may be in a namespace, then use the generate_ns_name method to create the NAME argument.

    within_element
        Returns the number of times the given name appears in the context list. If namespace processing is being used and you want to check against a name that may be in a namespace, then use the generate_ns_name method to create the NAME argument.

    context
        Returns a list of element names that represent open elements, with the last one being the innermost. Inside start and end tag handlers, this will be the tag of the parent element.

    current_line
        Returns the line number of the current position of the parse.

    current_column
        Returns the column number of the current position of the parse.

    current_byte
        Returns the current position of the parse.

    position_in_context
        Returns a string that shows the current parse position. LINES should be an integer >= 0 that represents the number of lines on either side of the current parse line to place into the returned string.

    base ([NEWBASE])
        Returns the current value of the base for resolving relative URIs. If NEWBASE is supplied, changes the base to that value.

    current_element
        Returns the name of the innermost currently opened element. Inside start or end handlers, returns the parent of the element associated with those tags.

    element_index
        Returns an integer that is the depth-first visit order of the current element. This will be zero outside of the root element. For example, this will return 1 when called from the start handler for the root element start tag.

    recognized_string
        Returns the string from the document that was recognized in order to call the current handler. For instance, when called from a start handler, it will give us the start-tag string. The string is encoded in UTF-8. This method doesn't return a meaningful string inside declaration handlers.

    original_string
        Returns the verbatim string from the document that was recognized in order to call the current handler. The string is in the original document encoding. This method doesn't return a meaningful string inside declaration handlers.

    xpcroak
        Concatenate onto the given message the current line number within the XML document plus the message implied by ErrorContext. Then croak with the formed message.

    xpcarp
        Concatenate onto the given message the current line number within the XML document plus the message implied by ErrorContext. Then carp with the formed message.

    xml_escape(TEXT [, CHAR [, CHAR ...]])
        Returns TEXT with markup characters turned into character entities. Any additional characters provided as arguments are also turned into character references where found in TEXT.

        (This method is broken on some versions of expat/XML::Parser.)

path ( $optional_tag)
    Returns the element context in a form similar to XPath's short form: '"/root/tag1/../tag"'.

get_xpath ( $optional_array_ref, $xpath, $optional_offset)
    Performs a "get_xpath" on the document root (see <Elt|"Elt">).

    If the $optional_array_ref argument is used, the array must contain elements. The $xpath expression is applied to each element in turn and the result is union of all results. This way a first query can be refined in further steps.

find_nodes ( $optional_array_ref, $xpath, $optional_offset)
    Same as "get_xpath".

findnodes ( $optional_array_ref, $xpath, $optional_offset)
    Same as "get_xpath" (similar to the XML::LibXML method).

findvalue ( $optional_array_ref, $xpath, $optional_offset)
    Returns the "join" of all texts of the results of applying "get_xpath " to the node (similar to the XML::LibXML method).

findvalues ( $optional_array_ref, $xpath, $optional_offset)
    Returns an array of all texts of the results of applying "get_xpath " to the node.

subs_text ($regexp, $replace)
    Performs text substitution on the whole document, similar to perl's " s///" operator.

dispose
    Useful only if you don't have "Scalar::Util" or "WeakRef" installed.

    Properly reclaims the memory used by an XML::Twig object. As the object has circular references, it never goes out of scope, so if you want to parse lots of XML documents then the memory leak becomes a problem. Use "$twig->dispose" to clear this problem.

att_accessors (list_of_attribute_names)
    A convenience method that creates l-valued accessors for attributes. So "$twig->create_accessors( 'foo')" will create a "foo" method that can be called on elements:

      $elt->foo;         # equivalent to $elt->att( 'foo');
      $elt->foo( 'bar'); # equivalent to $elt->set_att( foo => 'bar');

    The methods are l-valued only under those perl's that support this feature.

create_accessors (list_of_attribute_names)
    Same as att_accessors.

elt_accessors (list_of_attribute_names)
    A convenience method that creates accessors for elements. So "$twig->create_accessors( 'foo')" will create a "foo" method that can be called on elements:

      $elt->foo;         # equivalent to $elt->first_child( 'foo');

field_accessors (list_of_attribute_names)
    A convenience method that creates accessors for element values ("field"). So "$twig->create_accessors( 'foo')" will create a "foo" method that can be called on elements:

      $elt->foo;         # equivalent to $elt->field( 'foo');

set_do_not_escape_amp_in_atts
    An evil method that I only document because Test::Pod::Coverage complaints otherwise, but really, you don't want to know about it.

  XML::Twig::Elt

new ($optional_tag, $optional_atts, @optional_content)
    Returns the newly created element.

    The "tag" is optional (but then you can't have content!), the $optional_atts argument is a reference to a hash of attributes, the content can be just a string or a list of strings and element. A content of '"#EMPTY"' creates an empty element.

     Examples: my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new();
               my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( para => { align => 'center' });
               my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( para => { align => 'center' }, 'foo');
               my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( br   => '#EMPTY');
               my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( 'para');
               my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( para => 'this is a para');
               my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( para => $elt3, 'another para');

    The strings are not parsed, and the element is not attached to any twig.

    WARNING: if you rely on IDs then you will have to set the id yourself. At this point the element does not belong to a twig yet, so the ID attribute is not known and it won't be stored in the ID list.

    Note that "#COMMENT", "#PCDATA", and "#CDATA" are valid tag names that will create those element types.

    To create an element "foo" containing a "#CDATA" section:

               my $foo= XML::Twig::Elt->new( '#CDATA' => "content of the CDATA section")
                                      ->wrap_in( 'foo');

    An attribute of '#CDATA', when set, creates the content of the element as CDATA:

      my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( 'p' => { '#CDATA' => 1}, 'foo < bar');

    creates an element.

      <p><![CDATA[foo < bar]]></>

parse ($string, %args)
    Creates an element from an XML string. The string is actually parsed as a new twig, then the root of that twig is returned. The arguments in %args are passed to the twig. As always, if the parse fails the parser will die, so use an "eval" if you want to trap syntax errors.

    As obviously the element does not exist beforehand, this method must be explicitly called on the class:

      my $elt= parse XML::Twig::Elt( "<a> string to parse, with <sub/>
                                      <elements>, actually tons of </elements>
                      h</a>");

    Returns the calling element.

set_inner_xml ($string)
    Sets the content of the element to be the tree created from the string.

    Returns the calling element.

set_inner_html ($string)
    Sets the content of the element, after parsing the string with an HTML parser (HTML::Parser).

    Returns the calling element.

set_outer_xml ($string)
    Replaces the element with the tree created from the string.

    Returns the calling element.

print ($optional_filehandle, $optional_pretty_print_style)
    Prints an entire element, including the tags, optionally to a $optional_filehandle, optionally with a $pretty_print_style.

    The print outputs XML data so base entities are escaped.

    No return value.

print_to_file ($filename, %options)
    Prints the element to file $filename.

    Options: see "flush".

sprint ($elt, $optional_no_enclosing_tag)
    Returns the xml string for an entire element, including the tags. If the optional second argument is true then only the string inside the element is returned (the start and end tag for $elt are not). The text is XML-escaped: base entities (& and < in text, & < and " in attribute values) are turned into entities.

gi  Returns the gi of the element (the gi is the "generic identifier", the tag name, in SGML parlance).

    "tag" and "name" are synonyms of "gi".

tag Same as "gi ".

name
    Same as "gi ".

set_gi ($tag)
    Sets the gi (tag) of an element.

    Returns the calling element.

set_tag ($tag)
    Same as "set_gi ".

set_name ($name)
    Same as "set_gi ".

root
    Returns the root of the twig in which the element is contained.

twig
    Returns the twig containing the element.

parent ($optional_condition)
    Returns the parent of the element, or the first ancestor matching the $optional_condition.

first_child ($optional_condition)
    Returns the first child of the element, or the first child matching the $optional_condition.

has_child ($optional_condition)
    Same as first_child.

has_children ($optional_condition)
    Same as first_child.

first_child_text ($optional_condition)
    Returns the text of the first child of the element, or the first child matching the $optional_condition. If there is no first_child, then returns ''. This avoids getting the child, checking for its existence, then getting the text for trivial cases.

    Similar methods are available for the other navigation methods:

    last_child_text
    prev_sibling_text
    next_sibling_text
    prev_elt_text
    next_elt_text
    child_text
    parent_text

    All these methods also exist in "trimmed" variants:

    first_child_trimmed_text
    last_child_trimmed_text
    prev_sibling_trimmed_text
    next_sibling_trimmed_text
    prev_elt_trimmed_text
    next_elt_trimmed_text
    child_trimmed_text
    parent_trimmed_text

field ($condition)
    Same as "first_child_text".

fields ($condition_list)
    Returns the list of fields (text of first child matching each condition). Missing fields are returned as empty strings.

trimmed_field ($optional_condition)
    Same as "first_child_trimmed_text".

set_field ($condition, $optional_atts, @list_of_elt_and_strings)
    Sets the content of the first child of the element that matches $condition; the rest of the arguments is the same as for "set_content ".

    If no child matches $condition _and_ if $condition is a valid XML element name, then a new element by that name is created and inserted as the last child.

    Returns the matching or newly created field element.

first_child_matches ($optional_condition)
    Returns the element if the first child of the element (if it exists) passes the $optional_condition, "undef" otherwise.

      if( $elt->first_child_matches( 'title')) ...

    is equivalent to:

      if( $elt->{first_child} && $elt->{first_child}->passes( 'title'))

    Similar methods are available for the other navigation methods:

    last_child_matches
    prev_sibling_matches
    next_sibling_matches
    prev_elt_matches
    next_elt_matches
    child_matches
    parent_matches

first_child_is ($optional_condition) Same as "first_child_matches".
is_first_child ($optional_condition)
    Returns true (the calling element) if the element is the first child of its parent (optionally that satisfies the $optional_condition) otherwise returns 0.

is_last_child ($optional_condition)
    Returns true (the calling element) if the element is the last child of its parent (optionally that satisfies the $optional_condition) otherwise returns 0.

prev_sibling ($optional_condition)
    Returns the previous sibling of the element, or the previous sibling matching $optional_condition, or undefined if none exists.

next_sibling ($optional_condition)
    Returns the next sibling of the element, or the first one matching $optional_condition, or undefined if none exists.

next_elt ($optional_elt, $optional_condition)
    Returns the next elt (optionally matching $optional_condition) of the element (defined as the next element which opens after the current element opens). This usually returns the first child of the element. Counter-intuitive as it might seem, this allows you to loop through the whole document by starting from the root.

    The $optional_elt is the root of a subtree. When the "next_elt" is out of the subtree then the method returns "undef". You can then walk a sub-tree with:

      my $elt= $subtree_root;
      while( $elt= $elt->next_elt( $subtree_root))
        { # insert processing code here
        }

prev_elt ($optional_condition)
    Returns the previous elt (optionally matching $optional_condition) of the element (defined as the first element which opens before the current element opens). This usually returns the last descendant of the previous sibling or simply the parent.

next_n_elt ($offset, $optional_condition)
    Returns the $offset-th element that matches the $optional_condition.

following_elt
    Returns the following element (as per the XPath following axis).

preceding_elt
    Returns the preceding element (as per the XPath preceding axis).

following_elts
    Returns the list of following elements (as per the XPath following axis).

preceding_elts
    Returns the list of preceding elements (as per the XPath preceding axis).

children ($optional_condition)
    Returns the list of children (optionally which matches $optional_condition) of the element. The list is in document order.

children_count ($optional_condition)
    Returns the number of children of the element (optionally which matches $optional_condition).

children_text ($optional_condition)
    In array context, returns an array containing the text of children of the element (optionally which matches $optional_condition), or an empty array if none match.

    In scalar context, returns the concatenation of the text of children of the element, or an empty string if none match.

    This uses the "text " method, which considers text in descendants too.

children_trimmed_text ($optional_condition)
    Same as "children_text " except uses the "trimmed_text " method on matching children (and their descendants).

children_copy ($optional_condition)
    Returns a list of elements that are copies of the children of the element, optionally only those which match $optional_condition.

descendants ($optional_condition)
    Returns the list of all descendants (optionally which match $optional_condition) of the element. This is the equivalent of the "getElementsByTagName" of the DOM. (By the way, if you are really a DOM addict, you can use "getElementsByTagName" instead.)

    NOTE: The element itself is not part of the list; to include it, use "descendants_or_self ".

getElementsByTagName ($optional_condition)
    Same as "descendants ".

find_by_tag_name ($optional_condition)
    Same as "descendants ".

descendants_or_self ($optional_condition)
    Same as "descendants " except that the element itself is included in the list if it matches the $optional_condition.

first_descendant ($optional_condition)
    Returns the first descendant of the element that matches the condition.

last_descendant ($optional_condition)
    Returns the last descendant of the element that matches the condition.

ancestors ($optional_condition)
    Returns the list of ancestors (optionally matching $optional_condition) of the element. The list is ordered from the innermost ancestor to the outermost one.

    NOTE: The element itself is not part of the list; to include it, use "ancestors_or_self ".

ancestors_or_self ($optional_condition)
    Same as "ancestors " except that the element itself is included in the list if it matches the $optional_condition.

passes ($condition)
    Returns the calling element if it passes the $condition, else "undef".

att ($att)
    Returns the value of attribute $att or "undef".

latt ($att)
    Returns the value of attribute $att or "undef".

    This method is an lvalue, so you can do "$elt->latt( 'foo') = 'bar'" or "$elt->latt( 'foo')++;".

    If you are working with ID values, use "id" or "set_id" instead so that the internal ID hash is updated.

set_att ($att, $att_value)
    Sets the attribute of the element to the given value.

    You can set several attributes at once:

      $elt->set_att( att1 => "val1", att2 => "val2");

    Returns the calling element.

del_att (@att)
    Deletes one or more attributes for the element.

    You can actually delete several attributes at once:

      $elt->del_att( 'att1', 'att2', 'att3');

    Returns the calling element.

att_exists ($att)
    Returns true (1) if the attribute $att exists for the element, false ('') otherwise.

cut Cuts the element from the tree. The element still exists in memory, and it can be copied or pasted somewhere else; it is just not attached to the tree anymore.

    Note that the "old" links to the parent, previous and next siblings can still be accessed using the former_* methods.

former_next_sibling
    Returns the former next sibling of a cut node (or "undef" if the node has not been cut).

    This makes it easier to write loops where you cut elements:

        my $child= $parent->first_child( 'achild');
        while( $child->{'att'}->{'cut'})
          { $child->cut; $child= ($child->{former} && $child->{former}->{next_sibling}); }

former_prev_sibling
    Returns the former previous sibling of a cut node (or "undef" if the node has not been cut).

former_parent
    Returns the former parent of a cut node (or "undef" if the node has not been cut).

cut_children ($optional_condition)
    Cuts all children of the element (or all which satisfy the $optional_condition).

    Returns the list of cut children.

cut_descendants ($optional_condition)
    Cuts all descendants of the element (or all of those which satisfy the $optional_condition).

    Returns the list of descendants.

copy ($elt)
    Returns a copy of the element. The copy is a "deep" copy: all sub-elements of the element are duplicated.

paste ($optional_position, $ref)
    Pastes a (previously "cut" or newly generated) element; dies if the element already belongs to a tree.

    Returns the calling element.

    Note that the calling element is pasted, not the reference element:

      $child->paste( first_child => $existing_parent);
      $new_sibling->paste( after => $this_sibling_is_already_in_the_tree);

    or:

      my $new_elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( tag => $content);
      $new_elt->paste( $position => $existing_elt);

    Example:

      my $t= XML::Twig->new->parse( 'doc.xml')
      my $toc= $t->root->new( 'toc');
      $toc->paste( $t->root); # $toc is pasted as first child of the root
      foreach my $title ($t->findnodes( '/doc/section/title'))
        { my $title_toc= $title->copy;
          # paste $title_toc as the last child of toc
          $title_toc->paste( last_child => $toc)
        }

    Position options:

    first_child (default)
        The element is pasted as the first child of $ref.

        The DOM style position <afterbegin> can be used as an alias to "first_child".

    last_child
        The element is pasted as the last child of $ref.

        The DOM style position <beforeend> can be used as an alias to "last_child".

    before
        The element is pasted before $ref, as its previous sibling.

        The DOM style position <beforebegin> can be used as an alias to "before".

    after
        The element is pasted after $ref, as its next sibling.

        The DOM style position <afterend> can be used as an alias to "after".

    within
        In this case an extra argument, $offset, should be supplied. The element will be pasted in the reference element (or in its first text child) at the given offset. To achieve this the reference element will be split at the offset.

    Note that you can call directly the underlying method:

    paste_before
    paste_after
    paste_first_child
    paste_last_child
    paste_within

move ($optional_position, $ref)
    Moves an element in the tree. This is just a "cut" then a "paste". The syntax is the same as "paste".

    Returns the calling element.

replace ($ref)
    Replaces an element in the tree. Sometimes it is just not possible to"cut" an element then "paste" another in its place, so "replace" comes in handy. The calling element replaces $ref.

    Returns the provided replacement element.

replace_with (@elts)
    Replaces the calling element with one or more elements.

    Returns the first element in the provided list.

delete
    Cuts the element and frees the memory.

    No return value.

prefix ($text, $optional_option)
    Adds a prefix to an element. If the element is a "#PCDATA" element, the text is added to its PCDATA; if the element's first child is a "#PCDATA", then the text is added to its PCDATA; otherwise a new "#PCDATA" element is created and pasted as the first child of the element.

    Returns the calling element.

    If the option is "asis" then the prefix is added as-is: it is created in a separate "#PCDATA" element with the "asis" property. You can then write:

      $elt1->prefix( '<b>', 'asis');

    to create a "<b>" in the output of "print".

suffix ($text, $optional_option)
    Adds a suffix to an element. If the element is a "#PCDATA" element, the text is added to its PCDATA, if the element's last child is a "#PCDATA", then the text is added to its PCDATA, otherwise a new PCDATA element is created and pasted as the last child of the element.

    Returns the calling element.

    If the option is "asis" then the suffix is added as-is: it is created in a separate "#PCDATA" element with the "asis" property. You can then write:

      $elt2->suffix( '</b>', 'asis');

trim
    Trims the element in-place: spaces at the beginning and at the end of the element are discarded; multiple spaces within the element (or its descendants) are replaced by a single space.

    Returns the calling element.

    Note that in some cases you can still end up with multiple spaces, if they are split between several elements:

      <doc>  text <b>  hah! </b>  yep</doc>

    gets trimmed to:

      <doc>text <b> hah! </b> yep</doc>

    This is somewhere in between a bug and a feature.

normalize
    Merge together all consecutive "#PCDATA" elements in the element. For example, if you have turned some elements into "#PCDATA" using "erase ", this will give you a "clean" element in which there all text fragments are as long as possible).

    Returns the calling element.

simplify (%options)
    Returns a data structure suspiciously similar to XML::Simple's. Options are identical to XMLin options, see XML::Simple doc for more details (or use DATA::dumper or YAML to dump the data structure).

    Note: there is no magic here; if you write "$twig->parsefile( $file )->simplify();" then it will load the entire document in memory. I am afraid you will have to put some work into it to get just the bits you want and discard the rest. Look at the synopsis or the XML::Twig 101 section at the top of the docs for more information.

    content_key
    forcearray
    keyattr
    noattr
    normalize_space
        aka normalise_space.

    variables (%var_hash)
        %var_hash is a hash { name => value }.

        This option allows variables in the XML to be expanded when the file is read. (there is no facility for putting the variable names back if you regenerate XML using XMLout).

        A 'variable' is any text of the form ${name} (or $name) which occurs in an attribute value or in the text content of an element. If 'name' matches a key in the supplied hashref, ${name} will be replaced with the corresponding value from the hashref. If no matching key is found, the variable will not be replaced.

    var_att ($attribute_name)
        This option gives the name of an attribute that will be used to create variables in the XML:

          <dirs>
            <dir name="prefix">/usr/local</dir>
            <dir name="exec_prefix">$prefix/bin</dir>
          </dirs>

        Use "var => 'name'" to get $prefix replaced by /usr/local in the generated data structure.

        By default, variables are captured by the following regexp: /$(\w+)/.

    var_regexp (regexp)
        This option changes the regexp used to capture variables. The variable name should be in $1.

    group_tags { grouping tag => grouped tag, grouping tag 2 => grouped tag 2...}
        This option is used to simplify the structure: elements listed will not be used. Their children will be, they will be considered children of the element parent.

        If the element is:

          <config host="laptop.xmltwig.org">
            <server>localhost</server>
            <dirs>
              <dir name="base">/home/mrodrigu/standards</dir>
              <dir name="tools">$base/tools</dir>
            </dirs>
            <templates>
              <template name="std_def">std_def.templ</template>
              <template name="dummy">dummy</template>
            </templates>
          </config>

        then calling simplify with "group_tags => { dirs => 'dir', templates => 'template'}" makes the data structure be exactly as if the start and end tags for "dirs" and "templates" were not there.

        A YAML dump of the structure:

          base: '/home/mrodrigu/standards'
          host: laptop.xmltwig.org
          server: localhost
          template:
            - std_def.templ
            - dummy.templ
          tools: '$base/tools'

split_at ($offset)
    Splits a text ("#PCDATA" or "#CDATA") element in 2 at $offset, the original element now holds the first part of the string and a new element holds the right part. The new element is returned.

    If the element is not a text element then the first text child of the element is split.

split ( $optional_regexp, $tag1, $atts1, $tag2, $atts2...)
    Splits the text descendants of an element in place, the text is split using the $regexp, if the regexp includes () then the matched separators will be wrapped in elements. $1 is wrapped in $tag1, with attributes $atts1 if $atts1 is given (as a hashref), $2 is wrapped in $tag2...

    if $elt is "<p>tati tata <b>tutu tati titi</b> tata tati tata</p>":

      $elt->split( qr/(ta)ti/, 'foo', {type => 'toto'} )

    will change $elt to:

      <p><foo type="toto">ta</foo> tata <b>tutu <foo type="toto">ta</foo>
          titi</b> tata <foo type="toto">ta</foo> tata</p>

    The regexp can be passed either as a string or as "qr//", it defaults to \s+ just as the "split" built-in (but this would be quite a useless behaviour without the $optional_tag parameter).

    $optional_tag defaults to PCDATA or CDATA, depending on the initial element type.

    Returns the list of descendants (including un-touched original elements and newly created ones).

mark ( $regexp, $optional_tag, $optional_attribute_ref)
    This method behaves exactly as split, except only the newly created elements are returned.

wrap_children ( $regexp_string, $tag, $optional_attribute_hashref)
    Wrap the children of the element that match the regexp in an element $tag. If $optional_attribute_hashref is passed, then the new element will have these attributes.

    Returns the calling element.

    The $regexp_string includes tags, within pointy brackets, as in "<title><para>+" and the usual Perl modifiers (+*?...). Inside tag brackets, only "." is treated as a special regex character for matching tag names. Outside tag brackets, the usual modifiers ("+*?"...) work normally for matching tags, including lookaheads.

    Note: Currently, lookbehinds do not work because the "<" in the lookbehind expression causes issues with tag recognition.

    "^" and "$" are interpreted as the beginning and end of the children in the current twig.

    Tags can be further qualified with attributes: "<para type="warning" classif="cosmic_secret">+". The values for attributes should be xml-escaped: "<candy type="M&amp;Ms">*" ("<", "&" ">" and """ should be escaped).

    Note that elements might get extra "id" attributes in the process. See add_id. Use strip_att to remove unwanted id's.

    For example, if the element $elt has the following content:

      <body>
        <h1>Fruit</h1>
        <p>content</p>
        <h2>Apples</h2>
        <p>content</p>
        <h3>Apple Varieties</h3>
        <p>content</p>
        <h2>Oranges</h2>
        <p>content</p>
        <h1>Vegetables</h1>
        <p>content</p>
        <h2>Leafy Vegetables</h2>
        <p>content</p>
      </body>

    Then after running the code:

      $elt->wrap_children('<h3>.*?(?=(<h.>)|$)', 'topic');  # <h.> can match h1/h2/h3
      $elt->wrap_children('<h2>.*?(?=(<h.>)|$)', 'topic');  # <h.> can match h1/h2
      $elt->wrap_children('<h1>.*?(?=(<h.>)|$)', topic => {toplevel => 'true'});  # <h.> can match h1

      $elt->strip_att('id');

    $elt will contain:

      <body>
        <topic toplevel="true">
          <h1>Fruit</h1>
          <p>content</p>
          <topic>
            <h2>Apples</h2>
            <p>content</p>
            <topic>
              <h3>Apple Varieties</h3>
              <p>content</p>
            </topic>
          </topic>
          <topic>
            <h2>Oranges</h2>
            <p>content</p>
          </topic>
        </topic>
        <topic toplevel="true">
          <h1>Vegetables</h1>
          <p>content</p>
          <topic>
            <h2>Leafy Vegetables</h2>
            <p>content</p>
          </topic>
        </topic>
      </body>

subs_text ($regexp, $replace)
    subs_text does text substitution, similar to perl's " s///" operator.

    $regexp must be a perl regexp, created with the "qr" operator.

    Returns the calling element.

    $replace can include "$1, $2"... from the $regexp. It can also be used to create element and entities, by using "&elt( tag => { att => val }, text)" (similar syntax as "new ") and &ent( name).

    Here is a rather complex example:

      $elt->subs_text( qr{(?<!do not )link to (http://([^\s,]*))},
                       'see &elt( a =>{ href => $1 }, $2)'
                     );

    This replaces text like link to http://www.xmltwig.org by see <a href="www.xmltwig.org">www.xmltwig.org</a>, but not do not link to....

    Generating entities (here replacing spaces with &nbsp;):

      $elt->subs_text( qr{ }, '&ent( "&nbsp;")');

    or, using a variable:

      my $ent="&nbsp;";
      $elt->subs_text( qr{ }, "&ent( '$ent')");

    Note that the substitution is always global, as in using the "g" modifier in a perl substitution, and that it is performed on all text descendants of the element.

    Bug: in the $regexp, you can only use "\1", "\2"... if the replacement expression does not include elements or attributes. eg:

      $t->subs_text( qr/((t[aiou])\2)/, '$2');             # ok, replaces toto, tata, titi, tutu by to, ta, ti, tu
      $t->subs_text( qr/((t[aiou])\2)/, '&elt(p => $1)' ); # NOK, does not find toto...

add_id ($optional_coderef)
    Adds an id to the element.

    If the element already has an id, no new id is generated.

    Returns the id value (existing or newly generated).

    The id is an attribute, "id" by default, see the "id" option for XML::Twig "new" to change it. Use an id starting with "#" to get an id that's not output by print, flush or sprint, yet that allows you to use the elt_id method to get the element easily.

    By default, the method create an id of the form "twig_id_<nnnn>", where "<nnnn>" is a number, incremented each time the method is called successfully.

set_id_seed ($prefix)
    By default, the id generated by "add_id " is "twig_id_<nnnn>", "set_id_seed" changes the prefix to $prefix and resets the number to 1.

strip_att (@att_list)
    Removes the attributes in @att_list from the calling element and all its descendants.

    Returns the calling element.

change_att_name ($old_name, $new_name)
    Changes the name of the attribute from $old_name to $new_name. If there is no attribute $old_name, nothing happens.

    Returns the calling element.

lc_attnames
    Lowercases the name of all the attributes of the element.

    Returns the calling element.

sort_children_on_value (%options)
    Sorts the children of the element in place according to their text. All children are sorted.

    Returns the calling element, with its children sorted.

    %options are:

      type  : numeric |  alpha     (default: alpha)
      order : normal  |  reverse   (default: normal)

    Returns the element, with its children sorted.

sort_children_on_att ($att, %options)
    Sorts the children of the element in place according to attribute $att. %options are the same as for "sort_children_on_value".

    Returns the calling element, with its children sorted.

sort_children_on_field ($tag, %options)
    Sorts the children of the element in place, according to the field $tag (the text of the first child of the child with this tag). %options are the same as for "sort_children_on_value".

    Returns the calling element, with its children sorted.

sort_children( $get_key, %options)
    Sorts the children of the element in place. The $get_key argument is a reference to a function that returns the sort key when passed an element.

    For example:

      $elt->sort_children( sub { $_[0]->att( "nb") + $_[0]->text },
                           type => 'numeric', order => 'reverse'
                         );

    Returns the calling element.

field_to_att ($cond, $att)
    Turns the text of the first sub-element matched by $cond into the value of attribute $att of the element. If $att is omitted then $cond is used as the name of the attribute, which makes sense only if $cond is a valid element (and attribute) name.

    The sub-element is then cut.

    Returns the calling element.

att_to_field ($att, $tag)
    Takes the value of attribute $att and creates a sub-element $tag as first child of the element. If $tag is omitted then $att is used as the name of the sub-element.

    Returns the calling element.

get_xpath ($xpath, $optional_offset)
    Returns a list of elements satisfying the $xpath. $xpath is an XPATH-like expression.

    A subset of the XPATH abbreviated syntax is covered:

      tag
      tag[1]    (or any other positive number)
      tag[last()]
      tag[@att]    (the attribute exists for the element)
      tag[@att="val"]
      tag[@att=~ /regexp/]
      tag[att1="val1" and att2="val2"]    (@ is optional)
      tag[att1="val1" or att2="val2"]
      tag[string()="toto"]   (returns tag elements which text (as per the text method)
                             is toto)
      tag[string()=~/regexp/]   (returns tag elements which text (as per the text
                                method) matches regexp)

      expressions can start with / (search starts at the document root)
      expressions can start with . (search starts at the current element)
      // can be used to get all descendants instead of just direct children
      * matches any tag

    So the following examples from the XPath recommendation<http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath.html#path-abbrev> work:

      para selects the para element children of the context node
      * selects all element children of the context node
      para[1] selects the first para child of the context node
      para[last()] selects the last para child of the context node
      */para selects all para grandchildren of the context node
      /doc/chapter[5]/section[2] selects the second section of the fifth chapter
         of the doc
      chapter//para selects the para element descendants of the chapter element
         children of the context node
      //para selects all the para descendants of the document root and thus selects
         all para elements in the same document as the context node
      //olist/item selects all the item elements in the same document as the
         context node that have an olist parent
      .//para selects the para element descendants of the context node
      .. selects the parent of the context node
      para[@type="warning"] selects all para children of the context node that have
         a type attribute with value warning
      employee[@secretary and @assistant] selects all the employee children of the
         context node that have both a secretary attribute and an assistant
         attribute

    The elements are returned in document order.

    If $optional_offset is used, then only one element will be returned - the one with the appropriate offset in the list, starting at 0.

    Quoting and interpolating variables can be a pain when the Perl syntax and the XPATH syntax collide, so use alternate quoting mechanisms like q or qq (I like q{} and qq{} myself).

    Here are some more examples to get you started:

      my $p1= "p1";
      my $p2= "p2";
      my @res= $t->get_xpath( qq{p[string( "$p1") or string( "$p2")]});

      my $a= "a1";
      my @res= $t->get_xpath( qq{//*[@att="$a"]});

      my $val= "a1";
      my $exp= qq{//p[ \@att='$val']}; # you need to use \@ or you will get a warning
      my @res= $t->get_xpath( $exp);

    Note that the only supported regexps delimiters are / and that you must backslash all / in regexps AND in regular strings.

    XML::Twig does not provide full native XPATH support, but you can use "XML::Twig::XPath " to get "findnodes" to use "XML::XPath" as the XPath engine with full coverage of the spec.

find_nodes
    Same as "get_xpath".

findnodes
    Same as "get_xpath".

text @optional_options
    Returns a string consisting of all the "#PCDATA" and "#CDATA" in an element, without any tags. The text is not XML-escaped: base entities such as "&" and "<" are not escaped.

    The '"no_recurse"' option will only return the text of the element, not of any included sub-elements (same as "text_only ").

text_only
    Same as "text " except that the text returned doesn't include the text of sub-elements.

trimmed_text
    Same as "text" except that the text is trimmed: leading and trailing spaces are discarded, consecutive spaces are collapsed.

set_text ($string)
    Sets the text for the element.

    If the calling element is a "#PCDATA", its text is changed to the provided text.

    Otherwise, all children of the element are deleted and replaced by a single "#PCDATA" child which holds the provided text.

    Returns the calling element.

merge ($elt2)
    Moves the content of $elt2 within the element.

insert ($tag1, [$optional_atts1], $tag2, [$optional_atts2],...)
    For each tag in the list, inserts an element $tag as the only child of the element. The element gets the optional attributes in"$optional_atts<n>." All children of the element are set as children of the new element. The upper level element is returned.

      $p->insert( table => { border=> 1}, 'tr', 'td')

    Put $p in a table with a visible border, a single "tr" and a single "td" and return the "table" element:

      <p><table border="1"><tr><td>original content of p</td></tr></table></p>

wrap_in (@tag)
    Wraps elements in @tag as the successive ancestors of the element.

    Returns the outermost newly created element (last in the list).

    "$elt->wrap_in( 'td', 'tr', 'table')" wraps the element as a single cell in a table for example.

    Optionally each tag can be followed by a hashref of attributes, that are set on the wrapping element:

      $elt->wrap_in( p => { class => "advisory" }, div => { class => "intro", id => "div_intro" });

insert_new_elt ($opt_position, @args)
    Combines a "new " and a "paste ": creates a new element and pastes it, using $opt_position or 'first_child', relative to $elt.

    @args can be either a string (which must be well-formed XML), or the same arguments as for the "new" method: $tag, $opt_atts_hashref and @opt_content.

    Examples:

        $elt->insert_new_elt( first_child => p => { class => 'new_p' }, 'the new element' );

    or:

        $elt->insert_new_elt( first_child => '<p class="new_p">the new element</p>' );

    Returns the newly created element.

erase
    Erases the element: the element is deleted and all of its children are pasted in its place.

set_content ( $optional_atts, @list_of_elt_and_strings) ( $optional_atts, '#EMPTY')
    Sets the content for the element from a list of strings and elements. Cuts all existing element children, then pastes the provided list elements as the new children. This method creates "#PCDATA" elements for any strings in the list.

    The $optional_atts argument is the ref of a hash of attributes. If this argument is used then the previous attributes are deleted, otherwise they are left untouched.

    WARNING: If you rely on IDs, then you will have to set the ID yourself. At this point the element does not belong to a twig yet, so the ID attribute is not known so it won't be stored in the ID list.

    A content of '"#EMPTY"' creates an empty element.

namespace ($optional_prefix)
    Returns the URI of the namespace that $optional_prefix or the element name belongs to. If the name doesn't belong to any namespace, "undef" is returned.

local_name
    Returns the local name (without the prefix) for the element.

ns_prefix
    Returns the namespace prefix for the element.

current_ns_prefixes
    Returns a list of namespace prefixes valid for the element. The order of the prefixes in the list has no meaning. If the default namespace is currently bound, then '' appears in the list.

inherit_att ($att, @optional_tag_list)
    Returns the value of an attribute inherited from parent tags. The value returned is found by looking for the attribute in the element then in turn in each of its ancestors. If the @optional_tag_list is supplied, then only those ancestors whose tag is in the list will be checked.

all_children_are ($optional_condition)
    Returns true (the calling element) if all children of the element pass the $optional_condition, false (0) otherwise.

level ($optional_condition)
    Returns the depth of the element in the twig (root is 0). If $optional_condition is given then only ancestors that match the condition are counted.

    WARNING: In a tree created using the "twig_roots" option this will not return the level in the document tree, level 0 will be the document root, level 1 will be the "twig_roots" elements. During the parsing (in a "twig_handler") you can use the "depth" method on the twig object to get the real parsing depth.

in ($potential_parent)
    Returns true (the potential parent element) if the element is in the potential_parent ($potential_parent is an element), otherwise false (0).

in_context ($cond, $optional_level)
    Returns true (the matching including element) if the element is included in an element which passes $cond optionally within $optional_level levels, otherwise false (0).

pcdata
    Returns the text of a "#PCDATA" element or "undef" if the element is not "#PCDATA".

pcdata_xml_string
    Returns the text of a "#PCDATA" element or "undef" if the element is not "#PCDATA". The text is "XML-escaped" ('&' and '<' are replaced by '&amp;' and '&lt;').

set_pcdata ($text)
    Sets the text of a "#PCDATA" element. This method does not check that the element is indeed a "#PCDATA" so usually you should use "set_text " instead.

append_pcdata ($text)
    Adds the text at the end of a "#PCDATA" element.

is_cdata
    Returns true (1) if the element is a "#CDATA" element, returns false ('') otherwise.

is_text
    Returns true (1) if the element is a "#CDATA" or "#PCDATA" element, returns false ('') otherwise.

cdata
    Returns the text of a "#CDATA" element or "undef" if the element is not "#CDATA".

cdata_string
    Returns the XML string of a "#CDATA" element, including the opening and closing markers.

set_cdata ($text)
    Sets the text of a "#CDATA" element.

append_cdata ($text)
    Adds the text at the end of a "#CDATA" element.

remove_cdata
    Turns all "#CDATA" sections in the element into regular "#PCDATA" elements. This is useful when converting XML to HTML, as browsers do not support CDATA sections.

extra_data
    Returns the extra_data (comments and PI's) attached to an element.

set_extra_data ($extra_data)
    Sets the extra_data (comments and PI's) attached to an element.

append_extra_data ($extra_data)
    Appends extra_data to the existing extra_data before the element (if no previous extra_data exists then it is created).

set_asis
    Sets a property of the element that causes it to be output without being XML escaped by the print functions: if it contains "a < b" it will be output as such and not as "a &lt; b". This can be useful to create text elements that will be output as markup.

    Note that all "#PCDATA" descendants of the element are also marked as having the property (they are the ones that are actually impacted by the change).

    If the element is a "#CDATA" element it will also be output asis, without the "#CDATA" markers. The same goes for any "#CDATA" descendant of the element.

    Returns the calling element.

set_not_asis
    Unsets the "asis" property for the element and its text descendants.

is_asis
    Returns the "asis" property status of the element (1 or "undef").

closed
    Returns true if the element has been closed. Might be useful if you are somewhere in the tree, during the parse, and have no idea whether a parent element is completely loaded or not.

get_type
    Returns the type of the element: '"#ELT"' for "real" elements, or '"#PCDATA"', '"#CDATA"', '"#COMMENT"', '"#ENT"', '"#PI"'.

is_elt
    Returns the calling element if the element is a "real" element, or 0 if it is "#PCDATA", "#CDATA"...

contains_only_text
    Returns true (the calling element) if the element does not contain any other "real" element, otherwise false (0).

contains_only ($exp)
    Returns true (the list of matching children) if all children of the element match the expression $exp, otherwise returns false (0).

      if( $para->contains_only( 'tt')) { ... }

contains_a_single ($exp)
    Returns the (the matching child) if the element contains a single child that matches the expression $exp, otherwise returns false (0).

is_field
    Same as "contains_only_text".

is_pcdata
    Returns true (1) if the element is a "#PCDATA" element, otherwise returns false ('').

is_ent
    Returns true (1) if the element is an entity (an unexpanded entity) element, otherwise returns false ('').

is_empty
    Returns true (1) if the element is empty, otherwise returns false ('').

set_empty
    Flags the element as empty. No further check is made, so if the element is actually not empty the output will be messed. The only effect of this method is that the output will be "<tag att="value""/>".

    Returns the calling element.

set_not_empty
    Flags the element as not empty. If it is actually empty then the element will be output as "<tag att="value""></tag>".

    Returns the calling element.

is_pi
    Returns true (1) if the element is a processing instruction ("#PI") element, otherwise returns false ('').

target
    Returns the target of a processing instruction.

set_target ($target)
    Sets the target of a processing instruction.

    Returns the calling element.

data
    Returns the data part of a processing instruction.

set_data ($data)
    Sets the data of a processing instruction.

    Returns the calling element.

set_pi ($target, $data)
    Sets the target and data of a processing instruction.

    Returns the calling element.

pi_string
    Returns the string form of a processing instruction ("<?target data?>").

is_comment
    Returns true (1) if the element is a comment ("#COMMENT") element, otherwise returns false ('').

set_comment ($comment_text)
    Set the text for a comment.

    Returns the calling element.

comment
    Returns the content of a comment (just the text, not the "<!--" and "-->"), or "undef".

comment_string
    Returns the XML string for a comment ("<!-- comment -->").

    Note that an XML comment cannot start or end with a '-', or include '--' (http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-20081126/#sec-comments), if that is the case (because you have created the comment yourself presumably, as it could not be in the input XML), then a space will be inserted before an initial '-', after a trailing one or between two '-' in the comment (which could presumably mangle javascript "hidden" in an XHTML comment).

    The element must be a valid comment element.

set_ent ($entity)
    Sets an (non-expanded) entity ("#ENT"). $entity) is the entity text ("&ent;").

    Returns the calling element.

ent Returns the entity for an entity ("#ENT") element ("&ent;"), otherwise returns "undef".

ent_name
    Returns the entity name for an entity ("#ENT") element ("ent").

    The element must be a valid entity element.

ent_string
    Returns the entity, either expanded if the expanded version is available, or non-expanded ("&ent;") otherwise.

    The element must be a valid entity element.

child ($offset, $optional_condition)
    Returns the $offset-th child of the element, optionally the $offset-th child that matches $optional_condition. The children are treated as a list, so "$elt->child( 0)" is the first child, while "$elt->child( -1)" is the last child.

child_text ($offset, $optional_condition)
    Returns the text of a child or "undef" if the sibling does not exist. Arguments are the same as child.

last_child ($optional_condition)
    Returns the last child of the element, or the last child matching $optional_condition (ie the last of the element children matching the condition), or "undef" if none exist/match.

last_child_text ($optional_condition)
    Same as "first_child_text" but for the last child.

sibling ($offset, $optional_condition)
    Returns the next or previous $offset-th sibling of the element, or the $offset-th one matching $optional_condition. If $offset is negative then a previous sibling is returned, if $offset is positive then a next sibling is returned. "$offset=0" returns the element if there is no condition or if the element matches the condition>, "undef" otherwise.

sibling_text ($offset, $optional_condition)
    Returns the text of a sibling or "undef" if the sibling does not exist. Arguments are the same as "sibling".

prev_siblings ($optional_condition)
    Returns the list of previous siblings (optionally matching $optional_condition) for the element. The elements are ordered in document order.

next_siblings ($optional_condition)
    Returns the list of siblings (optionally matching $optional_condition) following the element. The elements are ordered in document order.

siblings ($optional_condition)
    Returns the list of siblings (optionally matching $optional_condition) of the element (excluding the element itself). The elements are ordered in document order.

pos ($optional_condition)
    Returns the position of the element in the children list. The first child has a position of 1 (as in XPath).

    If the $optional_condition is given, then only siblings that match the condition are counted. If the element itself does not match the condition, then 0 is returned.

atts
    Returns a hash ref containing the element attributes.

set_atts ({ att1=>$att1_val, att2=> $att2_val... })
    Set the element attributes with the hash ref supplied as the argument. The previous attributes are lost (ie the attributes set by "set_atts" replace all of the attributes of the element).

    You can also pass a list instead of a hashref: "$elt->set_atts( att1 => 'val1',...)".

del_atts
    Deletes all attributes of the element.

    Returns the calling element.

att_nb
    Returns the number of attributes for the element.

has_atts
    Returns true if the element has attributes. (In fact, this is an alias for "att_nb ".)

has_no_atts
    Returns true if the element has no attributes, false (0) otherwise.

att_names
    Returns a list of the attribute names for the element.

att_xml_string ($att, $options)
    Returns the attribute value, where '&', '<' and quote (" or the value of the quote option at twig creation) are XML-escaped.

    The options are passed as a hashref. Setting "escape_gt" to a true value will also escape '>'.

set_id ($id)
    Sets the "id" attribute of the element to the value. See "elt_id " to change the id attribute name.

    Returns the calling element.

id  Gets the id attribute value (or "undef" if none).

del_id ($id)
    Deletes the "id" attribute of the element and remove it from the id list for the document.

    Returns the calling element.

class
    Returns the "class" attribute for the element (methods on the "class" attribute are quite convenient when dealing with XHTML, or plain XML that will eventually be displayed using CSS).

lclass
    Same as "class ", except that this method is an lvalue, so you can do "$elt->lclass= "foo"".

set_class ($class)
    Sets the "class" attribute for the element to $class.

    Returns the calling element.

add_class ($class)
    Adds $class to the element "class" attribute: the new class is added only if not already present.

    Note that classes are then sorted alphabetically, so the "class" attribute can be changed even if the class is already there.

    Returns the calling element.

remove_class ($class)
    Remove $class from the element "class" attribute.

    Note that classes are then sorted alphabetically, so the "class" attribute can be changed even if the class is already there.

    Returns the calling element.

add_to_class ($class)
    Same as add_class.

att_to_class ($att)
    Sets the "class" attribute to the value of attribute $att.

    Returns the calling element.

add_att_to_class ($att)
    Adds the value of attribute $att to the "class" attribute of the element.

    Returns the calling element.

move_att_to_class ($att)
    Adds the value of attribute $att to the "class" attribute of the element, then deletes the attribute.

    Returns the calling element.

tag_to_class
    Sets the "class" attribute of the element to the element tag.

    Returns the calling element.

add_tag_to_class
    Adds the element tag to its "class" attribute.

    Returns the calling element.

set_tag_class ($new_tag)
    Adds the element tag to its "class" attribute and sets the tag to $new_tag.

    Returns the calling element.

in_class ($class)
    Returns true (the calling element) if the element is in the class $class (if $class is one of the tokens in the element "class" attribute), otherwise returns false (0).

tag_to_span
    Changes the element tag to "span" and sets its class to the old tag.

    Returns the calling element.

tag_to_div
    Changes the element tag to "div" and sets its class to the old tag.

DESTROY
    Frees the element from memory.

start_tag
    Returns the string for the start tag for the element, including the "/>" at the end of an empty element tag.

end_tag
    Returns the string for the end tag of an element. For an empty element, returns an empty string ('').

xml_string @optional_options
    Equivalent to "$elt->sprint( 1)", returns the string for the entire element, excluding the element's tags (but nested element tags are present).

    The '"no_recurse"' option will only return the text of the element, not of any included sub-elements (same as "xml_text_only ").

inner_xml
    Same as xml_string.

outer_xml
    Same as sprint.

xml_text
    Returns the text of the element, encoded (and processed by the current "output_filter " or "output_encoding " options, without any tag.

xml_text_only
    Same as "xml_text " except that the text returned doesn't include the text of sub-elements.

set_pretty_print ($style)
    Sets the pretty print method, amongst '"none"' (default), '"nsgmls"', '"nice"', '"indented"', '"record"' and '"record_c"'.

    pretty_print styles:

    none
        the default, no "\n" is used.

    nsgmls
        nsgmls style, with "\n" added within tags.

    nice
        adds "\n" wherever possible (NOT SAFE, can lead to invalid XML).

    indented
        Same as "nice" plus indents elements (NOT SAFE, can lead to invalid XML).

    record
        table-oriented pretty print, one field per line.

    record_c
        table-oriented pretty print, more compact than "record", one record per line.

    Returns the previous setting.

set_empty_tag_style ($style)
    Sets the method to output empty tags. Values are '"normal"' (default), '"html"', and '"expand"'.

    "normal" outputs an empty tag '"<tag/>"', "html" adds a space '"<tag />"' for elements that can be empty in XHTML and "expand" outputs '"<tag></tag>"'.

    Returns the previous setting.

set_remove_cdata ($flag)
    Sets (or unsets) the flag that forces the twig to output "#CDATA" sections as regular (escaped) "#PCDATA".

    Returns the previous setting.

set_indent ($string)
    Sets the indentation for the indented pretty print style (default is two spaces).

    Returns the previous setting.

set_quote ($quote)
    Sets the quotes used for attributes. Valid values are '"double"' (default) or '"single"'.

    Returns the previous setting.

cmp ($elt)
      Compare the order of the two elements in a twig.

      C<$a> is the <A>..</A> element, C<$b> is the <B>...</B> element

      document                        $a->cmp( $b)
      <A> ... </A> ... <B>  ... </B>     -1
      <A> ... <B>  ... </B> ... </A>     -1
      <B> ... </B> ... <A>  ... </A>      1
      <B> ... <A>  ... </A> ... </B>      1
       $a == $b                           0
       $a and $b not in the same tree   undef

before ($elt)
    Returns 1 if $elt starts before the element, 0 otherwise. If the two elements are not in the same twig then return "undef".

        if( $a->cmp( $b) == -1) { return 1; } else { return 0; }

after ($elt)
    Returns 1 if $elt starts after the element, 0 otherwise. If the two elements are not in the same twig then return "undef".

        if( $a->cmp( $b) == -1) { return 1; } else { return 0; }

other comparison methods
    lt
    le
    gt
    ge

path
    Returns the element context in a form similar to XPath's short form: '"/root/tag1/../tag"'.

xpath
    Returns a unique XPath expression that can be used to find the element again.

    It looks like "/doc/sect[3]/title": unique elements do not have an index, the others do.

flush
    Flushes the twig up to the current element (strictly equivalent to "$elt->root->flush").

private methods
    Low-level methods on the twig:

    set_parent ($parent)
    set_first_child ($first_child)
    set_last_child ($last_child)
    set_prev_sibling ($prev_sibling)
    set_next_sibling ($next_sibling)
    set_twig_current
    del_twig_current
    twig_current
    contains_text

    Those methods should not be used, unless of course you find some creative and interesting, not to mention useful, ways to do it.

  cond
Most of the navigation functions accept a condition as an optional argument The first element (or all elements for "children " or "ancestors ") that passes the condition is returned.

The condition is a single step of an XPath expression using the XPath subset defined by "get_xpath ". Additional conditions are:

The condition can be:

#ELT
    Returns a "real" element (not a "#PCDATA", "#CDATA", "#COMMENT", or "#PI" element).

#TEXT
    Returns a "#PCDATA" or "#CDATA" element.

regular expression
    Returns an element whose tag matches the regexp. The regexp must be created with "qr//".

code reference
    Applies the code, passing the current element as argument. If the code returns true, then the element is returned. If it returns false, then the code is applied to the next candidate.

  XML::Twig::XPath
XML::Twig implements a subset of XPath through the "get_xpath " method.

If you want to use the full power of XPath, then you can use "XML::Twig::XPath" instead. In this case, "XML::Twig" uses "XML::XPathEngine" or "XML::XPath" to execute XPath queries. You still need "XML::XPathEngine" or "XML::XPath" installed to be able to use "XML::Twig::XPath".

See XML::XPathEngine or XML::XPath for more information.

The methods you can use are:

findnodes ($path)
    Returns a list of nodes found by $path.

findnodes_as_string ($path)
    Returns the nodes found reproduced as XML. The result is not guaranteed to be valid XML though.

findvalue ($path)
    Returns the concatenation of the text content of the result nodes.

In order for "XML::XPathEngine" to be used as the XPath engine, the following methods are included in "XML::Twig":

in XML::Twig:

getRootNode
getParentNode
getChildNodes

in XML::Twig::Elt:

string_value
toString
getName
getRootNode
getNextSibling
getPreviousSibling
isElementNode
isTextNode
isPI
isPINode
isProcessingInstructionNode
isComment
isCommentNode
getTarget
getChildNodes
getElementById

  XML::Twig::XPath::Elt
The methods you can use are the same as on "XML::Twig::XPath" elements:

findnodes ($path)
    Returns a list of nodes found by $path.

findnodes_as_string ($path)
    Returns the nodes found reproduced as XML. The result is not guaranteed to be valid XML though.

findvalue ($path)
    Returns the concatenation of the text content of the result nodes.

  XML::Twig::Entity_list

new Creates an entity list.

add ($ent)
    Adds an entity to an entity list.

add_new_ent ($name, $val, $sysid, $pubid, $ndata, $param)
    Creates a new entity and adds it to the entity list.

delete ($ent or $tag).
    Deletes an entity (defined by its name or by the Entity object) from the list.

print ($optional_filehandle)
    Prints the entity list.

list
    Returns the list as an array.

  XML::Twig::Entity

new ($name, $val, $sysid, $pubid, $ndata, $param)
    Same arguments as the Entity handler for XML::Parser.

print ($optional_filehandle)
    Prints an entity declaration.

name
    Returns the name of the entity.

val Returns the value of the entity.

sysid
    Returns the system id for the entity (for NDATA entities).

pubid
    Returns the public id for the entity (for NDATA entities).

ndata
    Returns true if the entity is an NDATA entity.

param
    Returns true if the entity is a parameter entity.

text
    Returns the entity declaration text.

  XML::Twig::Notation_list

new Create a notation list.

add ($notation)
    Adds a notation to a notation list.

add_new_notation ($name, $base, $sysid, $pubid)
    Creates a new notation and add it to the notation list.

delete ($notation or $tag).
    Deletes a notation (defined by its name or by the Notation object) from the list.

sprint
    Returns the notation list as a string.

print ($optional_filehandle)
    Print the notation list.

list
    Returns the list as an array.

  XML::Twig::Notation

new ($name, $base, $sysid, $pubid)
    Same arguments as the Notation handler for XML::Parser.

print ($optional_filehandle)
    Prints a notation declaration.

name
    Returns the name of the notation.

base
    Returns the base to be used for resolving a relative URI.

sysid
    Returns the system id for the notation.

pubid
    Returns the public id for the notation.

text
    Returns the notation declaration text.

EXAMPLES
Additional examples (and a complete tutorial) can be found on the XML::Twig Page<http://www.xmltwig.org/xmltwig/>.

To figure out what flush does, call the following script with an XML file and an element name as arguments:

  use XML::Twig;

  my ($file, $elt)= @ARGV;
  my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_handlers =>
      { $elt => sub {$_[0]->flush; print "\n[flushed here]\n";} });
  $t->parsefile( $file, ErrorContext => 2);
  $t->flush;
  print "\n";

NOTES

  Subclassing XML::Twig
Useful methods:

elt_class
    In order to subclass "XML::Twig" you will probably need to subclass also "XML::Twig::Elt ". Use the "elt_class" option when you create the "XML::Twig" object to get the elements created in a different class (which should be a subclass of "XML::Twig::Elt".

add_options
    If you inherit "XML::Twig" new method but want to add more options to it you can use this method to prevent XML::Twig from issuing warnings for those additional options.

  DTD Handling
There are 3 possibilities here. They are:

No DTD
    No doctype, no DTD information, no entity information, the world is simple...

Internal DTD
    The XML document includes an internal DTD, and maybe entity declarations.

    If you use the load_DTD option when creating the twig the DTD information and the entity declarations can be accessed.

    The DTD and the entity declarations will be "flush"'ed (or "print"'ed) either as is (if they have not been modified) or as reconstructed (poorly, comments are lost, order is not kept, due to it's content this DTD should not be viewed by anyone) if they have been modified. You can also modify them directly by changing the "$twig->{twig_doctype}->{internal}" field (straight from XML::Parser, see the "Doctype" handler doc).

External DTD
    The XML document includes a reference to an external DTD, and maybe entity declarations.

    If you use the "load_DTD" when creating the twig the DTD information and the entity declarations can be accessed. The entity declarations will be "flush"'ed (or "print"'ed) either as is (if they have not been modified) or as reconstructed (badly, comments are lost, order is not kept).

    You can change the doctype through the "$twig->set_doctype" method and print the dtd through the "$twig->dtd_text" or "$twig->dtd_print"
     methods.

    If you need to modify the entity list this is probably the easiest way to do it.

  Flush
Remember that element handlers are called when the element is CLOSED, so if you have handlers for nested elements the inner handlers will be called first. It makes it for example trickier than it would seem to number nested sections (or clauses, or divs), as the titles in the inner sections are handled before the outer sections.

BUGS

segfault during parsing
    This happens when parsing huge documents, or lots of small ones, with a version of Perl before 5.16.

    This is due to a bug in the way weak references are handled in Perl itself.

    The fix is either to upgrade to Perl 5.16 or later ("perlbrew" is a great tool to manage several installations of perl on the same machine).

    An other, NOT RECOMMENDED, way of fixing the problem, is to switch off weak references by writing "XML::Twig::_set_weakrefs( 0);" at the top of the code. This is totally unsupported, and may lead to other problems though.

entity handling
    Due to XML::Parser behaviour, non-base entities in attribute values disappear if they are not declared in the document: "att="val&ent;"" will be turned into "att => val", unless you use the "keep_encoding" argument to "XML::Twig->new".

DTD handling
    The DTD handling methods are quite bugged. No one uses them and it seems very difficult to get them to work in all cases, including with several slightly incompatible versions of XML::Parser and of libexpat.

    Basically you can read the DTD, output it back properly, and update entities, but not much more.

    So use XML::Twig with standalone documents, or with documents referring to an external DTD, but don't expect it to properly parse and even output back the DTD.

ID list
    The ID list is NOT updated when elements are cut or deleted.

change_gi
    This method will not function properly if you do:

         $twig->change_gi( $old1, $new);
         $twig->change_gi( $old2, $new);
         $twig->change_gi( $new, $even_newer);

sanity check on XML::Parser method calls
    XML::Twig should really prevent calls to some XML::Parser methods, especially the "setHandlers" method.

pretty printing
    Pretty printing (at least using the '"indented"' style) is hard to get right! Only elements that belong to the document will be properly indented. Printing elements that do not belong to the twig makes it impossible for XML::Twig to figure out their depth, and thus their indentation level.

    Also there is an unavoidable bug when using "flush" and pretty printing for elements with mixed content that start with an embedded element:

      <elt><b>b</b>toto<b>bold</b></elt>

      will be output as

      <elt>
        <b>b</b>toto<b>bold</b></elt>

    if you flush the twig when you find the "<b>" element.

Globals
These are the things that can mess up calling code, especially if threaded. They might also cause problem under mod_perl.

Exported constants
    Whether you want them or not you get them! These are subroutines to use as constant when creating or testing elements:

      PCDATA  return '#PCDATA'
      CDATA   return '#CDATA'
      PI      return '#PI', I had the choice between PROC and PI :--(

Module scoped values: constants
    these should cause no trouble:

      %base_ent= ( '>' => '&gt;',
                   '<' => '&lt;',
                   '&' => '&amp;',
                   "'" => '&apos;',
                   '"' => '&quot;',
                 );
      CDATA_START   = "<![CDATA[";
      CDATA_END     = "]]>";
      PI_START      = "<?";
      PI_END        = "?>";
      COMMENT_START = "<!--";
      COMMENT_END   = "-->";

    pretty print styles:

      ( $NSGMLS, $NICE, $INDENTED, $INDENTED_C, $WRAPPED, $RECORD1, $RECORD2)= (1..7);

    empty tag output style:

      ( $HTML, $EXPAND)= (1..2);

Module scoped values: might be changed
    Most of these deal with pretty printing, so the worst that can happen is probably that XML output does not look right, but is still valid and processed identically by XML processors.

    $empty_tag_style can mess up HTML bowsers though and changing $ID would most likely create problems.

      $pretty=0;           # pretty print style
      $quote='"';          # quote for attributes
      $INDENT= '  ';       # indent for indented pretty print
      $empty_tag_style= 0; # how to display empty tags
      $ID                  # attribute used as an id ('id' by default)

Module scoped values: definitely changed
    These 2 variables are used to replace tags by an index, thus saving some space when creating a twig. If they really cause you too much trouble, let me know, it is probably possible to create either a switch or at least a version of XML::Twig that does not perform this optimization.

      %gi2index;     # tag => index
      @index2gi;     # list of tags

If you need to manipulate all those values, you can use the following methods on the XML::Twig object:

global_state
    Returns a hashref with all the global variables used by XML::Twig.

    The hash has the following fields: "pretty", "quote", "indent", "empty_tag_style", "keep_encoding", "expand_external_entities", "output_filter", "output_text_filter", "keep_atts_order".

set_global_state ($state)
    Sets the global state, $state is a hashref.

save_global_state
    Saves the current global state.

restore_global_state
    Restores the previously saved (using "Lsave_global_state"> state.

TODO

SAX handlers
    Allowing XML::Twig to work on top of any SAX parser.

multiple twigs are not well supported
    A number of twig features are just global at the moment. These include the ID list and the "tag pool" (if you use "change_gi" then you change the tag for ALL twigs).

    A future version will try to support this while trying not to be to hard on performance (at least when a single twig is used!).

AUTHOR
Michel Rodriguez <mirod@cpan.org>.

LICENSE
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

Bug reports should be sent using: RT <http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=XML-Twig>.

Comments can be sent to mirod@cpan.org.

The XML::Twig page is at <http://www.xmltwig.org/xmltwig/> It includes the development version of the module, a slightly better version of the documentation, examples, a tutorial and a: Processing XML efficiently with Perl and XML::Twig: <http://www.xmltwig.org/xmltwig/tutorial/index.ht.ml>.

SEE ALSO
Complete docs, including a tutorial, examples, an easier to use HTML version of the docs, a quick reference card and a FAQ are available at <http://www.xmltwig.org/xmltwig/>.

git repository at <http://github.com/mirod/xmltwig>.

XML::Parser, XML::Parser::Expat, XML::XPath, Encode, Text::Iconv, Scalar::Utils.

  Alternative Modules
XML::Twig is not the only XML::Processing module available on CPAN (far from it!).

The main alternative I would recommend is XML::LibXML.

Here is a quick comparison of the 2 modules:

XML::LibXML, actually "libxml2" on which it is based, sticks to the standards, and implements a good number of them in a rather strict way: XML, XPath, DOM, RelaxNG, I must be forgetting a couple (XInclude?). It is fast and rather frugal memory-wise.

XML::Twig is older: when I started writing it XML::Parser/expat was the only game in town. It implements XML and that's about it (plus a subset of XPath, and you can use XML::Twig::XPath if you have XML::XPathEngine installed for full support). It is slower and requires more memory for a full tree than XML::LibXML. On the plus side (yes, there is a plus side!) it lets you process a big document in chunks, and thus let you tackle documents that couldn't be loaded in memory by XML::LibXML, and it offers a lot (and I mean a LOT!) of higher-level methods, for everything, from adding structure to "low-level" XML, to shortcuts for XHTML conversions and more. It also DWIMs quite a bit, getting comments and non-significant whitespaces out of the way but preserving them in the output for example. As it does not stick to the DOM, is also usually leads to shorter code than in XML::LibXML.

Beyond the pure features of the 2 modules, XML::LibXML seems to be preferred by "XML-purists", while XML::Twig seems to be more used by Perl Hackers who have to deal with XML. As you have noted, XML::Twig also comes with quite a lot of docs, but I am sure if you ask for help about XML::LibXML here or on Perlmonks you will get answers.

Note that it is actually quite hard for me to compare the 2 modules: on one hand I know XML::Twig inside-out and I can get it to do pretty much anything I need to (or I improve it ;--), while I have a very basic knowledge of XML::LibXML. So feature-wise, I'd rather use XML::Twig ;--). On the other hand, I am painfully aware of some of the deficiencies, potential bugs and plain ugly code that lurk in XML::Twig, even though you are unlikely to be affected by them (unless for example you need to change the DTD of a document programmatically), while I haven't looked much into XML::LibXML so it still looks shinny and clean to me.

That said, if you need to process a document that is too big to fit memory and XML::Twig is too slow for you, my reluctant advice would be to use "bare" XML::Parser. It won't be as easy to use as XML::Twig: basically with XML::Twig you trade some speed (depending on what you do from a factor 3 to... none) for ease-of-use, but it will be easier IMHO than using SAX (albeit not standard), and at this point a LOT faster (see the last test in <http://www.xmltwig.org/article/simple_benchmark/>).