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# PDF, PS and DjVu

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This article covers software to view, edit and convert PDF, PostScript (PS), DjVu (déjà vu) and XPS files.

## Engines

- DjVuLibre — Suite to create, manipulate and view DjVu documents.

  https://djvu.sourceforge.net/ || djvulibre

- Ghostscript — Interpreter for PostScript and PDF. Provides the gs(1) command-line interface, see also `/usr/share/doc/ghostscript/*/Use.htm` (online), along with many wrapper scripts like ps2pdf and pdf2ps.

  https://ghostscript.com/ || ghostscript

- libgxps — GObject based library for handling and rendering XPS documents.

  https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/libgxps || libgxps

- libspectre — Small library for rendering Postscript documents.

  https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/libspectre || libspectre

- Mupdf — MuPDF is a lightweight PDF, XPS, and EPUB viewer, consisting of a software library, command line tools, and viewers.

  https://mupdf.com/ || libmupdf

- Poppler — PDF rendering library based on Xpdf. For CJK (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) support with Poppler, install poppler-data.

  https://poppler.freedesktop.org/ || poppler

## Viewers

### Framebuffer

- fbgs — Poor man's PostScript/pdf viewer for the linux framebuffer console.

  https://www.kraxel.org/blog/linux/fbida/ || fbida

- fbpdf — Small framebuffer PDF and DjVu viewer based on MuPDF, with Vim keybindings and written in C

  https://repo.or.cz/w/fbpdf.git || fbpdf-gitAUR

- jfbview — Framebuffer PDF and image viewer. Features include Vim-like controls, zoom-to-fit, a TOC (outline) view and fast multi-threaded rendering.

  https://github.com/jichu4n/jfbview || jfbviewAUR

### Graphical

Note Some web browsers can display PDF files, for example with PDF.js.

- apvlv — Lightweight document viewer with Vim keybindings using GTK libraries. Supports PDF, DjVu, EPUB, HTML and TXT.

  https://naihe2010.github.io/apvlv/ || apvlvAUR

- Atril — Simple multi-page document viewer for MATE. Supports DjVu, DVI, EPS, EPUB, PDF, PostScript, TIFF, XPS and Comicbook.

  https://github.com/mate-desktop/atril || atril

- CorePDF — Simple lightweight PDF viewer based on Qt and poppler. Part of C-Suite.

  https://cubocore.gitlab.io/ || corepdfAUR

- DjView — Viewer for DjVu documents.

  https://djvu.sourceforge.net/djview4.html || djview

- Emacs — See also pdf-tools for improved pdf support (emacs-pdf-tools-gitAUR) and the djvu package for djvu support.

  https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/ || emacs

- ePDFView — Lightweight PDF document viewer using the Poppler and GTK libraries. Development stopped.

  http://freecode.com/projects/epdfview || epdfview-gitAUR

- Evince — Document viewer for GNOME using GTK. Supports DjVu, DVI, EPS, PDF, PostScript, TIFF, XPS and Comicbook.

  https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/evince || evince

- Foxit Reader — Small, fast (compared to Acrobat) proprietary PDF viewer. Releases (outside of security updates) are discontinued for Linux (November 2020).

  https://www.foxitsoftware.com/pdf-reader/ || foxitreaderAUR

- GNOME Document Viewer — Document viewer for GNOME using GTK. Modern fork of evince, partly written in Rust. Supports PDF, DjVu, TIFF, and Comic Books archives (CBR, CBT, CBZ, CB7). Part of gnome.

  https://apps.gnome.org/Papers/ || papers

- gv — Graphical user interface for the Ghostscript interpreter that allows to view and navigate through PostScript and PDF documents.

  https://www.gnu.org/software/gv/ || gvAUR

- llpp — Very fast PDF reader based off of MuPDF, that supports continuous page scrolling, bookmarking, and text search through the whole document.

  https://repo.or.cz/w/llpp.git || llppAUR

- MuPDF — Very fast EPUB, FictionBook, PDF, XPS and Comicbook viewer written in portable C. Features CJK font support and vim-like bindings.

  https://mupdf.com/ || mupdf

- Okular — Universal document viewer for KDE. Supports CHM, Comicbook, DjVu, DVI, EPUB, FictionBook, Mobipocket, ODT, PDF, Plucker, PostScript, TIFF and XPS. Part of kde-graphics.

  https://okular.kde.org/ || okular

- pdfpc — Presenter console with multi-monitor support for PDF files.

  https://pdfpc.github.io/ || pdfpc

- qpdfview — Tabbed document viewer. It uses Poppler for PDF support, libspectre for PS support, DjVuLibre for DjVu support, CUPS for printing support and the Qt toolkit for its interface.

  https://launchpad.net/qpdfview || qpdfviewAUR

- Sioyek — Lightweight PDF viewer based on MuPDF with features designed for viewing research papers and technical books, e.g., marking, bookmarking, highlighting, searchable command palette, jumping to references, and more.

  https://sioyek.info/ || sioyekAUR

- Xpdf — Viewer that can decode LZW and read encrypted PDFs.

  https://www.xpdfreader.com/ || xpdf

- Xreader — Document viewer part of the X-Apps Project. Supports DjVu, DVI, EPUB, PDF, PostScript, TIFF, XPS, Comicbook.

  https://github.com/linuxmint/xreader/ || xreader

- Zathura — Highly customizable and functional document viewer (plugin based). Supports PDF, DjVu, PostScript and Comicbook.

  https://pwmt.org/projects/zathura/ || zathura

#### Comparison

The factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed.

Reason: Filling out PDF forms seem to be broken in MuPDF and llpp. (Discuss in Talk:PDF, PS and DjVu)

Name | PDF | PostScript | DjVu | XPS | PDF forms | PDF Annotation | Non-rectangle selection | License | Wayland native
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Adobe Reader | Custom | – | – | – | Yes | – | Yes | proprietary | –
apvlv | Poppler | – | DjVuLibre | – | No | – | No (not by default, at least) | GPLv2 | –
Atril | Poppler | libspectre | DjVuLibre | libgxps | Yes | – | – | GPLv2 | Yes
DjView | – | – | DjVuLibre | – | – | – | – | GPLv2 | –
Emacs | Ghostscript1 | DjVuLibre1 | – | No | Yes | Yes | GPLv3 | –
Emacs pdf-tools | Poppler | – | – | – | – | Yes | Yes | GPLv3 | –
ePDFView | Poppler | – | – | – | No | – | – | GPLv2 | –
Foxit Reader | Custom | – | – | – | Yes | Yes | Yes | proprietary | –
GNOME Document Viewer | Poppler | libspectre | DjVuLibre | libgxps | Yes | Yes | Yes | GPLv2 | Yes
gv | Ghostscript | – | – | No | – | – | GPLv3 | –
llpp | libmupdf | – | – | libmupdf | Yes | – | – | GPLv3 | –
MuPDF | Custom | – | – | Custom | Yes (mupdf-gl) | Yes (mupdf-gl) | Yes (mupdf-gl) | AGPLv3 | No
Okular | Poppler | libspectre | DjVuLibre | Custom | Yes | Yes | Yes | GPL, LGPL | Yes
PDF4QT | Custom | – | – | – | No | Yes | Yes | LGPLv3 | Yes
pdfpc | Poppler | – | – | – | No | – | – | GPLv2 | –
qpdfview | Poppler | libspectre1 | DjVuLibre1 | – | Yes | Yes | – | GPLv2 | Yes (lacks scaling support)
Xpdf | Custom | – | – | – | No | – | – | GPLv3 | Yes
Xreader | Poppler | libspectre1 | DjVuLibre1 | libgxps1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | GPLv2 | –
Zathura | libmupdf1 / Poppler1 | libspectre1 | DjVuLibre1 | libmupdf1 | No | No | Yes | zlib | Yes

1. Optional dependency needs to be installed

#### PDF forms

The PDF forms column in the above table refers to AcroForms support. If you do not need your input to be directly extractable from the PDF, you can also use the applications in #Graphical PDF editing to put text on top of a PDF. PDF forms can be created with LibreOffice Writer (View > Toolbars > Form Controls) and the advanced PDF editors.

The proprietary and deprecated XFA format for forms is not fully supported by Poppler[1][2] and only supported by Adobe Reader and Master PDF Editor.

Alternatively, web browsers such as Firefox or Chromium feature a built-in PDF viewer capable of filling out forms.

## Graphical PDF editing

### Editors that can import PDF files

- Scribus can import and export PDF; text is imported as polygons.[3]
- LibreOffice Draw can import and export PDF; text is imported as text; embedded fonts are substituted.[4][5]
- Inkscape can import and export PDF; text is imported as cloned glyphs or text; with the latter embedded fonts are substituted.
- Graphics editors like GIMP and krita can also import and export PDFs at the cost of rasterization.

### Basic editors

- Censor — PDF document redaction tool. It permanently removes text and images in redacted areas and can draw rectangles over them.

  https://codeberg.org/censor/Censor || censorAUR

- flpsed — A PostScript and PDF annotator, only supports text boxes.

  https://flpsed.org/flpsed.html || flpsedAUR

- HandyOutliner for DjVu / PDF — Make easier and faster the process of creating bookmarks for DjVu and PDF documents.

  https://handyoutlinerfo.sourceforge.net || handyoutliner-binAUR

- jPDF Tweak — Java Swing application that can combine, split, rotate, reorder, watermark, encrypt, sign, and otherwise tweak PDF files.

  https://jpdftweak.sourceforge.net/ || jpdftweakAUR

- Karp — Simple PDF editor to arrange, merge and improve PDF file(s).

  https://apps.kde.org/karp/ || karpAUR

- Paper Clip — PDF document metadata editor to edit the title, author, keywords and more details.

  https://apps.gnome.org/PdfMetadataEditor/ || paper-clip

- PDF Arranger — Helps merge or split pdf documents and rotate, crop and rearrange pages. It is a maintained fork of PDF-Shuffler.

  https://github.com/jeromerobert/pdfarranger || pdfarranger

- PDF Chain — GTK front-end for PDFtk, written in C++, supporting concatenation, burst, watermarks, attaching files and more.

  https://pdfchain.sourceforge.net/ || pdfchainAUR

- PdfJumbler — Simple tool to rearrange, merge, delete and rotate pages in PDF files.

  https://github.com/mgropp/pdfjumbler || pdfjumblerAUR

- PDF Metadata Editor — Advanced editor for PDF metadata. Allows editing the basic as well as all the extended (XMP) metadata.

  https://pdf.metadata.care/ || pdf-metadata-editor-binAUR

- PDF Mix Tool — Qt front-end for PoDoFo, written in C++, supports splitting, merging, rotating and mixing PDF files.

  https://scarpetta.eu/pdfmixtool/ || pdfmixtool

- PDFsam — Open source application, written in Java, supports merging, splitting and rotating.

  https://pdfsam.org/ || pdfsamAUR

- PDF Slicer — Simple application to extract, merge, rotate and reorder pages of PDF documents.

  https://junrrein.github.io/pdfslicer/ || pdfslicer

- PDF Tricks — Simple, efficient application for small manipulations in PDF files using Ghostscript.

  https://github.com/muriloventuroso/pdftricks || pdftricks

- Qpdf Tools — User-friendly Qt interface for Ghostscript and QPDF, designed to make PDF management simple and accessible for everyone.

  https://github.com/silash35/qpdftools || qpdftoolsAUR

### Cropping tools

- briss — Java GUI to crop pages of PDF documents to one or more regions selected.

  https://sourceforge.net/projects/briss/ || brissAUR

- krop — Simple graphical tool to crop the pages of PDF files.

  https://arminstraub.com/software/krop || kropAUR

- pdfCropMargins — Automatically crops the margins of PDF files.

  https://github.com/abarker/pdfCropMargins || pdfcropmarginsAUR

- PdfHandoutCrop — Tool to crop pdf handout with multiple pages per sheet.

  https://cges30901.github.io/pdfhandoutcrop/ || pdfhandoutcropAUR

### Advanced editors

- Master PDF Editor — Functional proprietary PDF editor. Latest version free for non-commercial use. The -free package is outdated but lacks a watermark.

  https://code-industry.net/free-pdf-editor/ || masterpdfeditorAUR,masterpdfeditor-qt_includeAUR, masterpdfeditor-freeAUR

- PDF4QT — Open source PDF editor.

  https://jakubmelka.github.io/ || pdf4qtAUR

- PDF Studio — All-in-one proprietary PDF editor similar to Adobe Acrobat.

  https://www.qoppa.com/pdfstudio/ || pdfstudio-binAUR

#### Comparison of advanced editors

Name | Cost (USD, lifetime) | Page Labels | Form Designer | Content Editing (Text and Images) | Optimize PDFs | Digitally Sign PDFs | License
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Master PDF Editor | 85.34 | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | proprietary
Qoppa PDF Studio Standard | 99 | Yes | No | No | No | No | proprietary
Qoppa PDF Studio Pro | 139 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | proprietary

## PDF tools

See also Ghostscript.

- Camelot — Camelot: PDF Table Extraction for Humans.

  https://github.com/atlanhq/camelot || python-camelotAUR, python-camelot-gitAUR

- Coherent PDF — Proprietary non-free command line tools to manipulate PDF files including merge, encrypt, decrypt, scale, crop, rotate, bookmarks, stamp, logos, page numbers.

  https://community.coherentpdf.com/ || cpdfAUR

- DiffPDF — Compare the text or the visual appearance of each page in two PDF files.

  https://gitlab.com/eang/diffpdf || diffpdf

- mupdf-tools — Tools developed as part of MuPDF, contains mutool(1) and muraster.

  https://mupdf.com || mupdf-tools

- pdf2svg — Convert PDF files to SVG files.

  http://www.cityinthesky.co.uk/opensource/pdf2svg/ || pdf2svg

- pdfcmd — Command-line tool to join, cut, reorder or merge PDF files.

  https://github.com/bulletmark/pdfcmd || pdfcmdAUR

- pdfcpu — Command-line tool to create and modify PDFs.

  https://github.com/pdfcpu/pdfcpu || pdfcpu-binAUR

- pdf_extbook — Extract bookmarked PDF pages.

  https://github.com/raffaem/pdf_extbook[dead link 2025-08-16—HTTP 404] || pdf_extbook-gitAUR

- pdfgrep — Commandline utility to search text in PDF files.

  https://pdfgrep.org/ || pdfgrep

- pdfjam — Can be used to n-up, join, rotate and flip PDFs and arrange them into a format suitable for book binding.

  https://github.com/DavidFirth/pdfjam || texlive-binextra

- pdfminer.six — Community maintained fork of pdfminer, a text extraction tool for PDF documents.

  https://github.com/pdfminer/pdfminer.six || python-pdfminer

- PDFtk — Simple tool for doing everyday things with PDF documents.

  https://gitlab.com/pdftk-java/pdftk || pdftk

- QPDF — Content-preserving PDF transformation system.

  https://github.com/qpdf/qpdf || qpdf

- Stapler — Light alternative to PDFtk using the PyPDF2 library.

  https://github.com/hellerbarde/stapler || staplerAUR, stapler-gitAUR

- Tabula — Tabula is a tool for liberating data tables trapped inside PDF files.

  https://tabula.technology || tabulaAUR, tabula-javaAUR

- Vector Slicer — Export multi-page PDFs from an SVG.

  https://gitlab.gnome.org/World/design/vector-slicer || vector-slicerAUR

- verapdf — A purpose-built, open source, file-format validator covering all PDF/A and PDF/UA parts and conformance levels.

  https://verapdf.org || verapdfAUR

- wrt2pdf — A CLI tool to create a PDF out of a plain text file.

  https://github.com/loh-tar/wrt2pdf || wrt2pdfAUR

## Command snippets

### Create a PDF from images

With GraphicsMagick:

    $ gm convert 1.jpg 2.jpg 3.jpg out.pdf

With ImageMagick:

    $ magick 1.jpg 2.jpg 3.jpg out.pdf

Note that ImageMagick's output is lossy. For lossless PDF creation from jpeg, use img2pdf.

### Concatenate PDFs

With Ghostscript:

    $ gs -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOUTPUTFILE=out.pdf -dBATCH 1.pdf 2.pdf 3.pdf

With PDFtk:

    $ pdftk 1.pdf 2.pdf 3.pdf cat output out.pdf

With Poppler:

    $ pdfunite 1.pdf 2.pdf 3.pdf out.pdf

With QPDF:

    $ qpdf --empty --pages 1.pdf 2.pdf 3.pdf -- out.pdf

### Extract text from PDF

With Poppler and maintaining the layout:

    $ pdftotext -layout in.pdf out.txt

See also pdftotext(1).

With calibre:

    $ ebook-convert in.pdf out.txt

Results vary between applications, depending on the PDF file.

### Decrypt a PDF

This section lists commands to decrypt a PDF to an unencrypted file. Note that most PDF viewers also support encrypted PDFs.

With PDFtk:

    $ pdftk in.pdf input_pw password output out.pdf

With Poppler to PostScript:

    $ pdftops -upw password in.pdf out.ps

With QPDF:

    $ qpdf --decrypt --password=password in.pdf out.pdf

Tip Forgotten passwords might be recovered with pdfcrack, see pdfcrack(1).

### Encrypt a PDF

The user password is used for encryption, the owner password to restrict operations once the document is decrypted, for more information, see Wikipedia:PDF#Encryption and signatures.

With PDFtk:

    $ pdftk in.pdf output out.pdf user_pw password

With PoDoFo:

    $ podofoencrypt -u user_password -o owner_password in.pdf out.pdf

With QPDF:

    $ qpdf --encrypt user_password owner_password key_length -- in.pdf out.pdf

where `key_length` can be 40, 128 or 256.

### Extract images from a PDF

With poppler, saving images as JPEG:

    $ pdfimages infile.pdf -j outfileroot

### Extract page range from PDF, split multipage PDF document

With Ghostscript as a single file[6]

    $ gs -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -dSAFER -dFirstPage=first -dLastPage=last -sOutputFile=outfile.pdf infile.pdf

With PDFtk as a single file:

    $ pdftk infile.pdf cat first-last output outfile.pdf

With Poppler as separate files:

    $ pdfseparate -f first -l last infile.pdf outfileroot-%d.pdf

With QPDF as a single file:

    $ qpdf --empty --pages infile.pdf first-last -- outfile.pdf

With mutool as a single file:

    $ mutool clean -g infile.pdf outfile.pdf first-last

### Impose a PDF (nup)

PDF Imposition is the process by which multiple input pages are combined into one output page, layed out into a rowsxcolumns grid.

It can be done with pdfjam (notice that wrapper scripts such as pdfnup and pdfbook are deprecated):

    $ pdfjam --nup rowsxcolumns input.pdf --outfile output.pdf

or with pdfsak[dead link 2025-04-06—HTTP 404]:

    $ pdfsak --input-file input.pdf --output output.pdf --nup rows columns

### Inspect metadata

With ExifTool:

    $ exiftool -All file.pdf

With Poppler:

    $ pdfinfo file.pdf

### Remove metadata

#### Using ExifTool

With ExifTool:

    $ exiftool -All= -overwrite_original input.pdf
    $ mv input.pdf /tmp/temp.pdf
    $ qpdf --linearize /tmp/temp.pdf input.pdf

The linearize step is needed to prevent recovery of deleted metadata. See this SuperUser question and the related ExifTool forum thread.

#### Using pdftk

Many PDFs store document metadata using both an Info dictionary (old school) and an XMP stream (new school). This pdftk command remove the XMP stream from the PDF altogether. It does not remove the Info dictionary.

Note that objects inside the PDF might have their own, separate XMP metadata streams, and that this command does not remove those. It only removes the PDF’s document‐level XMP stream.

    $ pdftk input.pdf drop_xmp output output.pdf

### Reduce size of a PDF

PDF size can be reduced by setting an appropriate optimization or compression level.

With Ghostscript one of:

    $ ps2pdf -dPDFSETTINGS=/screen in.pdf out.pdf

or

    $ gs -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -dCompatibilityLevel=1.4 -dPDFSETTINGS=/printer -sOutputFile=out.pdf in.pdf

For different settings see the documentation.

There is also shrinkpdfAUR, a script wrapping gs.

### Rasterize a PDF

These commands will convert your PDF into images.

With GraphicsMagick to convert a specific page into an image file:

    $ gm convert -density dpi infile.pdf[page] outfile.jpg

With ImageMagick to convert a specific page into an image file:

    $ magick convert -density dpi infile.pdf[page] outfile.jpg

With ImageMagick to convert all pages into another PDF file composed by an image file per page:

    $ magick convert -density dpi infile.pdf outfile.pdf

Warning This will increase the file size of your PDF substantially. Use it for example if your printer is not able to print your PDF correctly.

With Poppler to convert all pages into one image file per page:

    $ pdftoppm -jpeg -r dpi infile.pdf outfileroot

With Poppler to convert a specific page into an image file:

    $ pdftoppm -jpeg -r dpi -f page -singlefile infile.pdf outfileroot

### Split PDF pages

With mupdf-tools to split every page vertically into two pages:

    $ mutool poster -y 2 in.pdf out.pdf

Can be used to undo simple imposition.

### Add an image

Adding an image to any location in a PDF can be done

- with ImageMagick (convert), xvAUR and pdftk. (Wrapper script)
- with Xournal++
- with LibreOffice

Details on these and other solutions can be found on StackExchange.

### Add digital signature to PDF

jsignpdfAUR can digitally sign PDF files with X.509 certificates in GUI and CLI.

Readers such as Okular and MuPDF can sign PDFs with digital signatures. This requires a PFX certificate, which can be created with an OpenSSL command:

    $ openssl req -x509 -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout cert.pem -out cert.pem
    $ openssl pkcs12 -export -in cert.pem -out cert.pfx

MuPDF users can then sign PDFs with the `cert.pfx` using the graphical interface, or its mutool-sign[dead link 2025-08-16—HTTP 404] tool.

Okular users must import `cert.pfx` into a certificate store such as the one in the default Firefox profile.[7][dead link 2024-01-13—HTTP 404] With Firefox this is done through Settings > Privacy & Security > View Certificates > Your Certificates > Import and selecting cert.pfx. Afterwards Okular will offer this certificate to be used when signing PDFs.

Libreoffice can also sign PDFs.[8]

### Removing annotations from a PDF

With pdftk [9]:

    $ pdftk in.pdf output - uncompress | sed '/^\/Annots/d' | pdftk - output out.pdf compress

With perl-cam-pdfAUR:

    $ rewritepdf.pl -C in.pdf out.pdf

See https://superuser.com/a/1051543 for more information.

### Add page numbers

With pdfsak[dead link 2025-04-06—HTTP 404]:

    $ pdfsak --input-file input.pdf --output output.pdf --text "\large \$page/\$pages" br 0.99 0.99 --latex-engine xelatex --font "Noto Regular"

### Add page labels

Page labels are logical page numbers shown in the navigation bar of your PDF reader. They are useful for example if the first pages of the PDF are indices numbered with roman numbers (I, II, etc.), while the page numbered "1" corresponds to a PDF page greater than 1, and you want the page number shown in the navigation bar to corresponds to the page number shown in the physical page.

This should not be confused with adding page numbers into a physical page. See section 12.4.2 of PDF reference to better understand page labels.

1. Using pagelabels-py, let's say we have a PDF named `my_document.pdf`, that has 12 pages.
   - Pages 1 to 4 should be labelled `Intro I` to `Intro IV`.
   - Pages 5 to 9 should be labelled `2` to `6`.
   - Pages 10 to 12 should be labelled `Appendix A` to `Appendix C`
   - We can issue the following list of commands:

         $ python3 -m pagelabels --delete "my_document.pdf"
         $ python3 -m pagelabels --startpage 1 --prefix "Intro " --type "roman uppercase" "my_document.pdf"
         $ python3 -m pagelabels --startpage 5 --firstpagenum 2 "my_document.pdf"
         $ python3 -m pagelabels --startpage 10 --prefix "Appendix " --type "letters uppercase" "my_document.pdf"

   - Note pagelabels-py will convert your file to PDF 1.3 specification
2. Using pdftk, create a `metadata.txt` file with labels:

       PageLabelBegin
       PageLabelNewIndex: 1
       PageLabelStart: 1
       PageLabelPrefix: Cover
       PageLabelNumStyle: NoNumber
       PageLabelBegin
       PageLabelNewIndex: 2
       PageLabelStart: 1
       PageLabelPrefix: Back Cover
       PageLabelNumStyle: NoNumber
       PageLabelBegin
       PageLabelNewIndex: 3
       PageLabelStart: 1
       PageLabelNumStyle: LowercaseRomanNumerals
       PageLabelBegin
       PageLabelNewIndex: 27
       PageLabelStart: 1
       PageLabelNumStyle: DecimalArabicNumerals

   - Where:
     PageLabelBegin
       signal a new page label definition will follow
     PageLabelNewIndex
       is the PDF page index from which the numbering style applies, counting from one. The numbering style will continue until the next page label or, if there are no more page labels, until the end of the document.
     PageLabelStart
       is the starting number. For example, if you specify 5 here, the pages will be numbered 5, 6, 7, ...
     PageLabelPrefix
       a text to put before the number in page labels.
     PageLabelNumStyle
       can be `DecimalArabicNumerals`, `UppercaseRomanNumerals`, `LowercaseRomanNumerals`, `UppercaseLetters`, `LowercaseLetters` or `NoNumber`.
   - Then use:

         pdftk book.pdf update_info_utf8 metadata.txt output book-with-metadata.pdf

See this SuperUser question for more details.

### Extract bookmarks

With pdftk:

    $ pdftk file.pdf dump_data_utf8 | grep '^Bookmark'

With qpdf:

    $ qpdf --json --json-key=outlines file.pdf

See https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/143886/how-to-extract-bookmarks-from-a-pdf-file for more information.

### Add bookmarks

#### With pdftk

Create a text file `bookmark_definitions.txt` with bookmark definitions in the following format:

    BookmarkBegin
    BookmarkTitle: Chapter 1
    BookmarkLevel: 1
    BookmarkPageNumber: 1
    BookmarkBegin
    BookmarkTitle: Chapter 1.1
    BookmarkLevel: 2
    BookmarkPageNumber: 2
    BookmarkBegin
    BookmarkTitle: Chapter 1.2
    BookmarkLevel: 2
    BookmarkPageNumber: 3
    BookmarkBegin
    BookmarkTitle: Chapter 1.3
    BookmarkLevel: 2
    BookmarkPageNumber: 4
    BookmarkBegin
    BookmarkTitle: Chapter 1.3.1
    BookmarkLevel: 3
    BookmarkPageNumber: 5
    BookmarkBegin
    BookmarkTitle: Chapter 2
    BookmarkLevel: 1
    BookmarkPageNumber: 6

Where

BookmarkBegin
  signal a new bookmark definition
BookmarkTitle
  the title of the bookmark
BookmarkLevel
  the level of the bookmark in the hierarchy
BookmarkPageNumber
  the page number the bookmark redirects to

In this example, the above file will create the following bookmark structure:

- Chapter 1
  - Chapter 1.1
  - Chapter 1.2
  - Chapter 1.3
    - Chapter 1.3.1
- Chapter 2

Apply the bookmarks with the following command:

    $ pdftk input.pdf update_info_utf8 bookmark_definitions.txt output output.pdf

### Extract pages contained within a bookmark

To extract the pages contained within a bookmark, you can use pdf_extbook-gitAUR.

With `pdf_extbook file` you will be prompted on what bookmark whose pages you want to extract and where to save it. To extract all bookmarks of a given hierarchical level:

    $ pdf_extbook file -a level output_file_stem

### Remove blank pages

One can use the following script to remove blank pages from a PDF file (credit: SuperUser post):

    #!/bin/sh

    IN="$1"
    filename=$(basename "${IN}")
    filename="${filename%.*}"
    PAGES=$(pdfinfo "$IN" | grep ^Pages: | tr -dc '0-9')

    non_blank() {
    	for i in $(seq 1 $PAGES); do
    		PERCENT=$(gs -o - -dFirstPage=${i} -dLastPage=${i} -sDEVICE=ink_cov "$IN" | grep CMYK | nawk 'BEGIN { sum=0; } {sum += $1 + $2 + $3 + $4;} END { printf "%.5f\n", sum } ')
    		if [ $(echo "$PERCENT > 0.001" | bc) -eq 1 ]; then
    			echo $i
    			#echo $i 1>&2
    		fi
    		echo -n . 1>&2
    	done | tee "$filename.tmp"
    	echo 1>&2
    }

    set +x
    pdftk "${IN}" cat $(non_blank) output "${filename}_noblanks.pdf"

Use it like `pdf_remove_blank_pages input.pdf`.

The script needs pdftk, nawk and ghostscript.

### Find fonts used in a PDF

The pdffonts(1) command (from poppler), can be used to find which fonts a PDF uses and if they have been embedded in it or not:

    $ pdffonts file.pdf

    name                                 type              encoding         emb sub uni object ID
    ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- ---------
    Times-Roman                          Type 1            Custom           no  no  no       8  0
    Times-Italic                         Type 1            Standard         no  no  no       9  0
    Times-Bold                           Type 1            Standard         no  no  no       7  0
    Helvetica                            Type 1            Standard         no  no  no      34  0
    Helvetica-Bold                       Type 1            Standard         no  no  no      35  0

This can be used when having issues displaying properly the text in a PDF, to determine if missing fonts or their metric-compatible equivalent need to be installed.

### Repair broken PDF file

With ghostscript:

    $ gs -o repaired.pdf -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -dPDFSETTINGS=/prepress corrupted.pdf

With poppler:

    $ pdftocairo -pdf corrupted.pdf repaired.pdf

With mupdf-tools:

    $ mutool clean corrupted.pdf repaired.pdf

Reference: https://superuser.com/q/278562

### Convert PDF to PDF/A standard

With ocrmypdfAUR:

    $ ocrmypdf --tesseract-timeout=0 --remove-background document.pdf document_pdfa.pdf

Reference: https://ocrmypdf.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cookbook.html#don-t-actually-ocr-my-pdf

### Validate PDF/A compliance

Using verapdfAUR you can validate the compliance of your PDF to different flavours of the PDF/A standard:

    $ verapdf --flavour 1a --format text document.pdf

## DjVu tools

- DjVuLibre provides many command-line tools, like ddjvu(1) for example.
- img2djvu — Single-pass DjVu encoder based on DjVu Libre and ImageMagick.

  https://github.com/ashipunov/img2djvu || img2djvu-gitAUR

- pdf2djvu — Creates DjVu files from PDF files.

  https://jwilk.net/software/pdf2djvu || pdf2djvuAUR

### Convert DjVu to images

Break Djvu into separate pages:

    $ djvmcvt -i input.djvu /path/to/out/dir output-index.djvu

Convert Djvu pages into images:

    $ ddjvu --format=tiff page.djvu page.tiff

Convert Djvu pages into PDF:

    $ ddjvu --format=pdf inputfile.djvu ouputfile.pdf

You can also use --page to export specific pages:

    $ ddjvu --format=tiff --page=1-10 input.djvu output.tiff

this will convert pages from 1 to 10 into one tiff file.

### Processing images

You can use scantailor-advanced to:

- fix orientation
- split pages
- deskew
- crop
- adjust margins

### Make DjVu from images

There is a useful script img2djvu-gitAUR.

    $ img2djvu -c1 -d600 -v1 ./out

it will create 600 DPI `out.djvu` from all files in `./out` directory.

Alternatively, you can try didjvuAUR, which seems to create smaller files especially on images with well defined background.

## PostScript tools

- Ghostscript
- pstotext — Converts PostScript files to text.

  https://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/doc/pstotext.htm || pstotextAUR

### ps2pdf

ps2pdf is a wrapper around ghostscript to convert PostScript to PDF:

    $ ps2pdf -sPAPERSIZE=a4 -dOptimize=true -dEmbedAllFonts=true YourPSFile.ps

Explanation:

- with `-sPAPERSIZE=something` you define the paper size. For valid PAPERSIZE values, see [10][dead link 2022-09-22—HTTP 404].
- `-dOptimize=true` lets the created PDF be optimised for loading.
- `-dEmbedAllFonts=true` makes the fonts look always nice.

Note You cannot choose the paper orientation in ps2pdf. If your input PS file is healthy, it already contains the orientation information. If you are trying to use an Encapsulated PS file, you will have problems, if it does not fit in the `-sPAPERSIZE` you specified, because EPS files usually do not contain paper orientation information. A workaround is creating a new paper in ghostscript settings (call it e.g. "slide") and use it as `-sPAPERSIZE=slide`.

## Libraries

### C/C++

- libharu — C library for generating PDF documents.

  https://github.com/libharu/libharu || libharu, Lua binding: lua-hpdfAUR

- PoDoFo — A C++ library to work with the PDF file format.

  https://podofo.sourceforge.net || podofo

### Python

- borb — borb is a library for reading, creating and manipulating PDF files in python.

  https://borbpdf.com/, https://github.com/jorisschellekens/borb || not packaged? search in AUR

- pdfrw — A pure Python library that reads and writes PDFs.

  https://github.com/pmaupin/pdfrw || python-pdfrwAUR

- PyPDF — A pure-Python library built as a PDF toolkit.

  https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf || python-pypdf

- PyX — Python library for the creation of PostScript and PDF files.

  https://pyx.sourceforge.net || python-pyx

- ReportLab — A proven industry-strength PDF generating solution

  https://www.reportlab.com/ || python-reportlab

### Java

- iText Core — iText is a more versatile, programmable and enterprise-grade PDF solution that allows you to embed its functionalities within your own software for digital transformation.

  https://itextpdf.com/products/itext-core || itext-rups-binAUR

- OpenPDF — OpenPDF is a free Java library for creating and editing PDF files with a LGPL and MPL open source license. OpenPDF is based on a fork of iText.

  https://github.com/LibrePDF/OpenPDF || not packaged? search in AUR

## See also

- List of applications/Documents#OCR software
- List of applications/Documents#Readers and viewers
- List of applications/Documents#Stylus note-taking
- Wikipedia:List of PDF software
- PDF References
  - PDF Reference and Adobe Extensions to the PDF Specification
  - Wikipedia:PDF#Further reading

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- Applications
- File formats
- Lists of software
- Software comparisons

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