NETADDR(1)

NAME
netaddr - netaddr Documentation

A Python library and a CLI tool <> for representing and manipulating layer 3 (IP) and layer 2 (MAC) network addresses.

netaddr provides support for:

Layer 3 addresses

•   IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, subnets, masks, prefixes

•   iterating, slicing, sorting, summarizing and classifying IP networks

•   dealing with various ranges formats (CIDR, arbitrary ranges and globs, nmap)

•   set based operations (unions, intersections etc) over IP addresses and subnets

•   parsing a large variety of different formats and notations

•   looking up IANA IP block information

•   generating DNS reverse lookups

•   supernetting and subnetting

    Layer 2 addresses

•   representation and manipulation MAC addresses and EUI-64 identifiers

•   looking up IEEE organisational information (OUI, IAB)

•   generating derived IPv6 addresses

    netaddr's documentation uses the Diátaxis approach to technical documentation authoring <https://diataxis.fr/> and is organized like so:

•   Tutorials <> take you on a step-by-step journey through some of the netaddr's features. Start here if you're new to netaddr.

•   How-to guides <> are recipes and provide steps to address common problems and use-cases.

•   Reference <> contains technical description of various parts of netaddr machinery (including the API Reference <>).

TUTORIALS

The pages in this section take you on a step-by-step journey through some of the netaddr's features.

Start here if you're new to netaddr.

  Tutorial 1: IP Addresses, Subnets and Ranges

First of all you need to pull the various netaddr classes and functions into your namespace.

Note: Do this for the purpose of this tutorial only. In your own code, you should be explicit about the classes, functions and constants you import to avoid name clashes.

    >>> from netaddr import *

We also import the standard library module pprint to help format our output.

    >>> import pprint

  Basic operations

The following IPAddress object represents a single IP address.

    >>> ip = IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
    >>> ip.version
    4

The repr() call returns a Python statement that can be used to reconstruct an equivalent IP address object state from scratch when run in the Python interpreter.

    >>> repr(ip)
    "IPAddress('192.0.2.1')"
    >>> ip
    IPAddress('192.0.2.1')

Access in the string context returns the IP object as a string value.

    >>> str(ip)
    '192.0.2.1'
    >>> '%s' % ip
    '192.0.2.1'
    >>> ip.format()  # only really useful for IPv6 addresses.
    '192.0.2.1'

  Numerical representation

You can view an IP address in various other formats.

    >>> int(ip) == 3221225985
    True
    >>> hex(ip)
    '0xc0000201'
    >>> ip.bin
    '0b11000000000000000000001000000001'
    >>> ip.bits()
    '11000000.00000000.00000010.00000001'
    >>> ip.words == (192, 0, 2, 1)
    True

  Representing networks and subnets

IPNetwork objects are used to represent subnets, networks or VLANs that accept CIDR prefixes and netmasks.

    >>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.2.1')
    >>> ip.ip
    IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
    >>> ip.network, ip.broadcast
    (IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), None)
    >>> ip.netmask, ip.hostmask
    (IPAddress('255.255.255.255'), IPAddress('0.0.0.0'))
    >>> ip.size
    1

In this case, the network and broadcast address are the same, akin to a host route.

    >>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
    >>> ip.ip
    IPAddress('192.0.2.0')
    >>> ip.network, ip.broadcast
    (IPAddress('192.0.2.0'), IPAddress('192.0.2.255'))
    >>> ip.netmask, ip.hostmask
    (IPAddress('255.255.255.0'), IPAddress('0.0.0.255'))
    >>> ip.size
    256

And finally, this IPNetwork object represents an IP address that belongs to a given IP subnet.

    >>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.3.112/22')
    >>> ip.ip
    IPAddress('192.0.3.112')
    >>> ip.network, ip.broadcast
    (IPAddress('192.0.0.0'), IPAddress('192.0.3.255'))
    >>> ip.netmask, ip.hostmask
    (IPAddress('255.255.252.0'), IPAddress('0.0.3.255'))
    >>> ip.size
    1024

Internally, each IPNetwork object only stores 3 values :

•   the IP address value as an unsigned integer

•   a reference to the IP protocol module for the IP version being represented

•   the CIDR prefix bitmask

    All the other values are calculated on-the-fly on access.

    It is possible to adjust the IP address value and the CIDR prefix after object instantiation.

        >>> ip = IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0')
        >>> ip
        IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0')
        >>> ip.value = 3221225985
        >>> ip
        IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/0')
        >>> ip.prefixlen
        0
        >>> ip.prefixlen = 23
        >>> ip
        IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/23')

    The prefix length can also be changed by specifying a subnet mask:

        >>> ip = IPNetwork('192.168.1.0/24')
        >>> ip.netmask = '255.255.0.0'
        >>> ip
        IPNetwork('192.168.1.0/16')
        >>> ip = IPNetwork('fe80::dead:beef/64')
        >>> ip.netmask = 'ffff:ffff::'
        >>> ip
        IPNetwork('fe80::dead:beef/32')

    There is also a property that lets you access the true CIDR address which removes all host bits from the network address based on the CIDR subnet prefix.

        >>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/23')
        >>> ip.cidr
        IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23')

    This is handy for specifying some networking configurations correctly.

    If you want to access information about each of the various IP addresses that form the IP subnet, this is available by performing pass through calls to sub methods of each IPAddress object.

    For example if you want to see a binary digit representation of each address you can do the following.

        >>> ip.ip.bits()
        '11000000.00000000.00000010.00000001'
        >>> ip.network.bits()
        '11000000.00000000.00000010.00000000'
        >>> ip.netmask.bits()
        '11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000'
        >>> ip.broadcast.bits()
        '11000000.00000000.00000011.11111111'

  IPv6 support

Full support for IPv6 is provided. Let's try a few examples:

    >>> ip = IPAddress(0, 6)
    >>> ip
    IPAddress('::')
    >>> ip = IPNetwork('fe80::dead:beef/64')
    >>> str(ip), ip.prefixlen, ip.version
    ('fe80::dead:beef/64', 64, 6)
    >>> int(ip.ip) == 338288524927261089654018896845083623151
    True
    >>> hex(ip.ip)
    '0xfe8000000000000000000000deadbeef'

Bit-style output isn't as quite as friendly as hexadecimal for such a long numbers, but here the proof that it works!

    >>> ip.ip.bits()
    '1111111010000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:1101111010101101:1011111011101111'

Here are some networking details for an IPv6 subnet.

    >>> ip.network, ip.broadcast, ip.netmask, ip.hostmask
    (IPAddress('fe80::'), IPAddress('fe80::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff'), IPAddress('ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::'), IPAddress('::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff'))

  Interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6

It is likely that with IPv6 becoming more prevalent, you'll want to be able to interoperate between IPv4 and IPv6 address seamlessly.

Here are a couple of methods that help achieve this.

  IPv4 to IPv6 conversion

    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.15').ipv4()
    IPAddress('192.0.2.15')
    >>> ip = IPAddress('192.0.2.15').ipv6()
    >>> ip
    IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.15')
    >>> ip.is_ipv4_mapped()
    True
    >>> ip.is_ipv4_compat()
    False

    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.15').ipv6(ipv4_compatible=True)
    IPAddress('::192.0.2.15')
    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.15').ipv6(ipv4_compatible=True).is_ipv4_compat()
    True
    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.15').ipv6(True)
    IPAddress('::192.0.2.15')
    >>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/23')
    >>> ip.ipv4()
    IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/23')
    >>> ip.ipv6()
    IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.1/119')
    >>> ip.ipv6(ipv4_compatible=True)
    IPNetwork('::192.0.2.1/119')

  IPv6 to IPv4 conversion

    >>> IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.1/119').ipv6()
    IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.1/119')
    >>> IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.1/119').ipv6(ipv4_compatible=True)
    IPNetwork('::192.0.2.1/119')
    >>> IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.1/119').ipv4()
    IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/23')
    >>> IPNetwork('::192.0.2.1/119').ipv4()
    IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/23')

Note that the IP object returns IPv4 "mapped" addresses by default in preference to IPv4 "compatible" ones. This has been chosen purposefully as the latter form has been deprecated (see RFC 4291 for details).

  List operations

If you treat an IPNetwork object as if it were a standard Python list object it will give you access to a list of individual IP address objects. This of course is illusory and they are not created until you access them.

    >>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.2.16/29')

Accessing an IP object using the list() context invokes the default generator which returns a list of all IP objects in the range specified by the IP object's subnet.

    >>> ip_list = list(ip)
    >>> len(ip_list)
    8
    >>> ip_list
    [IPAddress('192.0.2.16'), IPAddress('192.0.2.17'), ..., IPAddress('192.0.2.22'), IPAddress('192.0.2.23')]

The length of that list is 8 individual IP addresses.

    >>> len(ip)
    8

  Indexing

You can use standard index access to IP addresses in the subnet.

    >>> ip[0]
    IPAddress('192.0.2.16')
    >>> ip[1]
    IPAddress('192.0.2.17')
    >>> ip[-1]
    IPAddress('192.0.2.23')

  Slicing

You can also use list slices on IP addresses in the subnet.

    >>> ip[0:4]
    <generator object ...>

The slice is a generator function. This was done to save time and system resources as some slices can end up being very large for certain subnets!

Here is how you'd access all elements in a slice.

    >>> list(ip[0:4])
    [IPAddress('192.0.2.16'), IPAddress('192.0.2.17'), IPAddress('192.0.2.18'), IPAddress('192.0.2.19')]

Extended slicing is also supported.

    >>> list(ip[0::2])
    [IPAddress('192.0.2.16'), IPAddress('192.0.2.18'), IPAddress('192.0.2.20'), IPAddress('192.0.2.22')]

List reversal.

    >>> list(ip[-1::-1])
    [IPAddress('192.0.2.23'), IPAddress('192.0.2.22'), ..., IPAddress('192.0.2.17'), IPAddress('192.0.2.16')]

Use of generators ensures working with large IP subnets is efficient.

    >>> for ip in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23'):
    ...    print('%s' % ip)
    ...
    192.0.2.0
    192.0.2.1
    192.0.2.2
    192.0.2.3
    ...
    192.0.3.252
    192.0.3.253
    192.0.3.254
    192.0.3.255

In IPv4 networks you only usually assign the addresses between the network and broadcast addresses to actual host interfaces on systems.

Here is the iterator provided for accessing these IP addresses :

    >>> for ip in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23').iter_hosts():
    ...     print('%s' % ip)
    ...
    192.0.2.1
    192.0.2.2
    192.0.2.3
    192.0.2.4
    ...
    192.0.3.251
    192.0.3.252
    192.0.3.253
    192.0.3.254

  Sorting IP addresses and networks

It is fairly common and useful to be able to sort IP addresses and networks canonically.

Here is how sorting works with individual addresses.

    >>> import random
    >>> ip_list = list(IPNetwork('192.0.2.128/28'))
    >>> random.shuffle(ip_list)
    >>> sorted(ip_list)
    [IPAddress('192.0.2.128'), IPAddress('192.0.2.129'), ..., IPAddress('192.0.2.142'), IPAddress('192.0.2.143')]

For convenience, you are able to sort IP subnets at the same time as addresses and they can be combinations of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses at the same time as well (IPv4 addresses and network appear before IPv6 ones).

    >>> ip_list = [
    ... IPAddress('192.0.2.130'),
    ... IPAddress('10.0.0.1'),
    ... IPNetwork('192.0.2.128/28'),
    ... IPNetwork('192.0.3.0/24'),
    ... IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'),
    ... IPNetwork('fe80::/64'),
    ... IPAddress('::')]
    >>> random.shuffle(ip_list)
    >>> ip_list.sort()
    >>> pprint.pprint(ip_list)
    [IPAddress('10.0.0.1'),
     IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'),
     IPNetwork('192.0.2.128/28'),
     IPAddress('192.0.2.130'),
     IPNetwork('192.0.3.0/24'),
     IPAddress('::'),
     IPNetwork('fe80::/64')]

Notice how overlapping subnets also sort in order from largest to smallest.

  Summarizing list of addresses and subnets

Another useful operation is the ability to summarize groups of IP subnets and addresses, merging them together where possible to create the smallest possible list of CIDR subnets.

You do this in netaddr using the cidr_merge() function.

First we create a list of IP objects that contains a good mix of individual addresses and subnets, along with some string based IP address values for good measure. To make things more interesting some IPv6 addresses are thrown in as well.

    >>> ip_list = [ip for ip in IPNetwork('fe80::/120')]
    >>> ip_list.append(IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'))
    >>> ip_list.extend([str(ip) for ip in IPNetwork('192.0.3.0/24')])
    >>> ip_list.append(IPNetwork('192.0.4.0/25'))
    >>> ip_list.append(IPNetwork('192.0.4.128/25'))
    >>> len(ip_list)
    515
    >>> cidr_merge(ip_list)
    [IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23'), IPNetwork('192.0.4.0/24'), IPNetwork('fe80::/120')]

Useful isn't it?

  Supernets and subnets

It is quite common to have a large CIDR subnet that you may want to split up into multiple smaller component blocks to better manage your network allocations, firewall rules etcc and netaddr gives you the tools required to do this.

Here we take a large /16 private class B network block and split it up into a set of smaller 512 sized blocks.

    >>> ip = IPNetwork('172.24.0.0/16')
    >>> ip.subnet(23)
    <generator object ...>

Once again, this method produces and iterator because of the possibility for a large number of return values depending on this subnet size specified.

    >>> subnets = list(ip.subnet(23))
    >>> len(subnets)
    128
    >>> subnets
    [IPNetwork('172.24.0.0/23'), IPNetwork('172.24.2.0/23'), IPNetwork('172.24.4.0/23'), ..., IPNetwork('172.24.250.0/23'), IPNetwork('172.24.252.0/23'), IPNetwork('172.24.254.0/23')]

It is also possible to retrieve the list of supernets that a given IP address or subnet belongs to. You can also specify an optional limit.

    >>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.2.114')
    >>> supernets = ip.supernet(22)
    >>> pprint.pprint(supernets)
    [IPNetwork('192.0.0.0/22'),
     IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23'),
     IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'),
     IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/25'),
     IPNetwork('192.0.2.64/26'),
     IPNetwork('192.0.2.96/27'),
     IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/28'),
     IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/29'),
     IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/30'),
     IPNetwork('192.0.2.114/31')]

Here, we return a list rather than a generator because the potential list of values is of a predictable size (no more than 31 subnets for an IPv4 address and 127 for IPv6).

  Support for non-standard address ranges

While CIDR is a useful way to describe networks succinctly, it is often necessary (particularly with IPv4 which predates the CIDR specification) to be able to generate lists of IP addresses that have an arbitrary start and end address that do not fall on strict bit mask boundaries.

The iter_iprange() function allow you to do just this.

    >>> ip_list = list(iter_iprange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.14'))
    >>> len(ip_list)
    14
    >>> ip_list
    [IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), IPAddress('192.0.2.2'), ..., IPAddress('192.0.2.13'), IPAddress('192.0.2.14')]

It is equally nice to know what the actual list of CIDR subnets is that would correctly cover this non-aligned range of addresses.

Here cidr_merge() comes to the rescue once more.

    >>> cidr_merge(ip_list)
    [IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/32'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.2/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.4/30'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.8/30'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.12/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.14/32')]

  Dealing with older IP network specifications

Until the advent of the CIDR specification it was common to infer the netmask of an IPv4 address based on its first octet using an set of classful rules (first defined in RFC 791).

You frequently come across reference to them in various RFCs and they are well supported by a number of software libraries. For completeness, rather than leave out this important (but now somewhat historical) set of rules, they are supported via the cryptically named cidr_abbrev_to_verbose() function.

Here is an example of these rules for the whole of the IPv4 address space.

    >>> cidrs = [cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(octet) for octet in range(0, 256)]
    >>> pprint.pprint(cidrs)
    ['0.0.0.0/8',
    ...
     '127.0.0.0/8',
     '128.0.0.0/16',
    ...
     '191.0.0.0/16',
     '192.0.0.0/24',
    ...
     '223.0.0.0/24',
     '224.0.0.0/4',
    ...
     '239.0.0.0/4',
     '240.0.0.0/32',
    ...
     '255.0.0.0/32']
    >>> len(cidrs)
    256

  IP address categorisation

IP addresses fall into several categories, not all of which are suitable for assignment as host addresses.

  Unicast

    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1').is_unicast()
    True
    >>> IPAddress('fe80::1').is_unicast()
    True

  Multicast

Used to identify multicast groups (see RFC 2365 and 3171 for more info).

    >>> IPAddress('239.192.0.1').is_multicast()
    True
    >>> IPAddress('ff00::1').is_multicast()
    True

  Reserved

Addresses in reserved ranges are not available for general use.

    >>> IPAddress('253.0.0.1').is_reserved()
    True

  Netmasks

A bitmask used to divide an IP address into its network address and host address.

    >>> IPAddress('255.255.254.0').is_netmask()
    True

  Hostmasks

Similar to a netmask but with the all the bits flipped the opposite way.

    >>> IPAddress('0.0.1.255').is_hostmask()
    True

  Loopback

These addresses are used internally within an IP network stack and packets sent to these addresses are not distributed via a physical network connection.

    >>> IPAddress('127.0.0.1').is_loopback()
    True
    >>> IPAddress('::1').is_loopback()
    True

  Comparing IP addresses

IPAddress objects can be compared with each other. As an IPAddress object can represent both an individual IP address and an implicit network, it pays to get both sides of your comparison into the same terms before you compare them to avoid odd results.

Here are some comparisons of individual IP address to get the ball rolling.

    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') == IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
    True
    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') < IPAddress('192.0.2.2')
    True
    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.2') > IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
    True
    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') != IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
    False
    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') >= IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
    True
    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.2') >= IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
    True
    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') <= IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
    True
    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') <= IPAddress('192.0.2.2')
    True

Now, lets try something a little more interesting.

    >>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/24')
    True

Hmmmmmmmm... looks a bit odd doesn't it? That's because by default, IP objects compare their subnets (or lower and upper boundaries) rather than their individual IP address values.

The solution to this situation is very simple. Knowing this default behaviour, just be explicit about exactly which portion of each IP object you'd like to compare using pass-through properties.

    >>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24').ip == IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/24').ip
    False
    >>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24').ip < IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/24').ip
    True

That's more like it. You can also be explicit about comparing networks in this way if you so wish (although it is not strictly necessary).

    >>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24').cidr == IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/24').cidr
    True

Armed with this information here are some examples of network comparisons.

    >>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') == IPNetwork('192.0.3.0/24')
    False
    >>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') < IPNetwork('192.0.3.0/24')
    True

This will inevitably raise questions about comparing IPAddress (scalar) objects and IPNetwork (vector) objects with each other (or at least it should).

Here is how netaddr chooses to address this situation.

    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')
    False
    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') != IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')
    True

An IP network or subnet is different from an individual IP address and therefore cannot be (directly) compared.

If you want to compare them successfully, you must be explicit about which aspect of the IP network you wish to match against the IP address in question.

You can use the index of the first or last address if it is a /32 like so :

    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')[0]
    True
    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')[-1]
    True
    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') != IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')[0]
    False

You can also use the base address if this is what you wish to compare :

    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32').ip
    True
    >>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') != IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32').ip
    False

While this may seem a bit pointless at first, netaddr strives to keep IP addresses and network separate from one another while still allowing reasonable interoperability.

  DNS support

It is a common administrative task to generate reverse IP lookups for DNS. This is particularly arduous for IPv6 addresses.

Here is how you do this using an IPAddress object's reverse_dns() method.

    >>> IPAddress('172.24.0.13').reverse_dns
    '13.0.24.172.in-addr.arpa.'
    >>> IPAddress('fe80::feeb:daed').reverse_dns
    'd.e.a.d.b.e.e.f.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.e.f.ip6.arpa.'

Note that ip6.int is not used as this has been deprecated (see RFC 3152 for details).

  Non standard address ranges

As CIDR is a relative newcomer given the long history of IP version 4 you are quite likely to come across systems and documentation which make reference to IP address ranges in formats other than CIDR. Converting from these arbitrary range types to CIDR and back again isn't a particularly fun task. Fortunately, netaddr tries to make this job easy for you with two purpose built classes.

  Arbitrary IP address ranges

You can represent an arbitrary IP address range using a lower and upper bound address in the form of an IPRange object.

    >>> r1 = IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.15')
    >>> r1
    IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.15')

You can iterate across and index these ranges just like and IPNetwork object.

Importantly, you can also convert it to it's CIDR equivalent.

    >>> r1.cidrs()
    [IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/32'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.2/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.4/30'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.8/29')]

Here is how individual IPRange and IPNetwork compare.

    >>> IPRange('192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.255') != IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
    False
    >>> IPRange('192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.255') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
    True

You may wish to compare an IP range against a list of IPAddress and IPNetwork objects.

    >>> r1 = IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.15')
    >>> addrs = list(r1)
    >>> addrs
    [IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), IPAddress('192.0.2.2'), IPAddress('192.0.2.3'), IPAddress('192.0.2.4'), IPAddress('192.0.2.5'), IPAddress('192.0.2.6'), IPAddress('192.0.2.7'), IPAddress('192.0.2.8'), IPAddress('192.0.2.9'), IPAddress('192.0.2.10'), IPAddress('192.0.2.11'), IPAddress('192.0.2.12'), IPAddress('192.0.2.13'), IPAddress('192.0.2.14'), IPAddress('192.0.2.15')]
    >>> r1 == addrs
    False

Oops! Not quite what we were looking for or expecting.

The way to do this is to get either side of the comparison operation into the same terms.

    >>> list(r1) == addrs
    True

That's more like it.

The same goes for IPNetwork objects.

    >>> subnets = r1.cidrs()
    >>> subnets
    [IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/32'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.2/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.4/30'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.8/29')]
    >>> r1 == subnets
    False
    >>> r1.cidrs() == subnets
    True

The above works if the list you are comparing contains one type or the other, but what if you have a mixed list of IPAddress, IPNetwork and string addresses?

Time for some slightly more powerful operations. Let's make use of a new class for dealing with groups of IP addresses and subnets. The IPSet class.

    >>> ips = [IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), '192.0.2.2/31', IPNetwork('192.0.2.4/31'), IPAddress('192.0.2.6'), IPAddress('192.0.2.7'), '192.0.2.8', '192.0.2.9', IPAddress('192.0.2.10'), IPAddress('192.0.2.11'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.12/30')]
    >>> s1 = IPSet(r1.cidrs())
    >>> s2 = IPSet(ips)
    >>> s2
    IPSet(['192.0.2.1/32', '192.0.2.2/31', '192.0.2.4/30', '192.0.2.8/29'])
    >>> s1 == s2
    True

Let's remove one of the element from one of the IPSet objects and see what happens.

    >>> s2.pop()
    IPNetwork('...')
    >>> s1 == s2
    False

This is perhaps a somewhat contrived example but it just shows you some of the capabilities on offer.

See the IPSet tutorial Tutorial 3: Working with IP sets <> for more details on that class.

  IP Glob ranges

netaddr also supports a user friendly form of specifying IP address ranges using a "glob" style syntax.

Note: At present only IPv4 globs are supported.

    >>> IPGlob('192.0.2.*') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
    True

    >>> IPGlob('192.0.2.*') != IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
    False

As IPGlob is a subclass of IPRange, all of the same operations apply.

  Tutorial 2: MAC addresses

First of all you need to pull the various MAC related classes and functions into your namespace.

Note: Do this for the purpose of this tutorial only. In your own code, you should be explicit about the classes, functions and constants you import to avoid name clashes.

    >>> from netaddr import *

You can reasonably safely import everything from the netaddr namespace as care has been taken to only export the necessary classes, functions and constants.

Always hand pick your imports if you are unsure about possible name clashes.

  Basic operations

Instances of the EUI class are used to represent MAC addresses.

    >>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')

Standard repr() access returns a Python statement that can reconstruct the MAC address object from scratch if executed in the Python interpreter.

    >>> mac
    EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')

Accessing the EUI object in the string context.

    >>> str(mac)
    '00-1B-77-49-54-FD'
    >>> '%s' % mac
    '00-1B-77-49-54-FD'

Here are a few other common properties.

    >>> str(mac), str(mac.oui), mac.ei, mac.version
    ('00-1B-77-49-54-FD', '00-1B-77', '49-54-FD', 48)

  Numerical representations

You can view an individual MAC address in various other formats.

    >>> int(mac) == 117965411581
    True
    >>> hex(mac)
    '0x1b774954fd'
    >>> oct(mac)
    '0o1556722252375'
    >>> mac.bits()
    '00000000-00011011-01110111-01001001-01010100-11111101'
    >>> mac.bin
    '0b1101101110111010010010101010011111101'

  Formatting

It is very common to see MAC address in many different formats other than the standard IEEE EUI-48.

The EUI class constructor handles all these common forms.

    >>> EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
    EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')

IEEE EUI-48 lowercase format

    >>> EUI('00-1b-77-49-54-fd')
    EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')

Common UNIX format

    >>> EUI('0:1b:77:49:54:fd')
    EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')

Cisco triple hextet format

    >>> EUI('001b:7749:54fd')
    EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
    >>> EUI('1b:7749:54fd')
    EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
    >>> EUI('1B:7749:54FD')
    EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')

Bare MAC addresses (no delimiters)

    >>> EUI('001b774954fd')
    EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
    >>> EUI('01B774954FD')
    EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')

PostreSQL format (found in documentation)

    >>> EUI('001B77:4954FD')
    EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')

It is equally possible to specify a selected format for your MAC string output in the form of a 'dialect' class. Its use is similar to the dialect class used in the Python standard library csv module.

    >>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
    >>> mac
    EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
    >>> mac.dialect = mac_unix
    >>> mac
    EUI('0:1b:77:49:54:fd')
    >>> mac.dialect = mac_unix_expanded
    >>> mac
    EUI('00:1b:77:49:54:fd')
    >>> mac.dialect = mac_cisco
    >>> mac
    EUI('001b.7749.54fd')
    >>> mac.dialect = mac_bare
    >>> mac
    EUI('001B774954FD')
    >>> mac.dialect = mac_pgsql
    >>> mac
    EUI('001b77:4954fd')

You can, of course, create your own dialect classes to customise the MAC formatting if the standard ones do not suit your needs.

Here's a tweaked UNIX MAC dialect that generates uppercase, zero-filled octets.

    >>> class mac_custom(mac_unix): pass
    >>> mac_custom.word_fmt = '%.2X'
    >>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD', dialect=mac_custom)
    >>> mac
    EUI('00:1B:77:49:54:FD')

  Querying organisational information

EUI objects provide an interface to the OUI (Organisationally Unique Identifier) and IAB (Individual Address Block) registration databases available from the IEEE.

Here is how you query an OUI with the EUI interface.

    >>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
    >>> oui = mac.oui
    >>> oui
    OUI('00-1B-77')
    >>> oui.registration().address
    ['Lot 8, Jalan Hi-Tech 2/3', 'Kulim  Kedah  09000', 'MY']
    >>> oui.registration().org
    'Intel Corporate'

You can also use OUI objects directly without going through the EUI interface.

A few OUI records have multiple registrations against them. I'm not sure if this is recording historical information or just a quirk of the IEEE registration process.

This example shows you how you access them individually by specifying an index number.

    >>> oui = OUI(524336)   #   OUI constructor accepts integer values, too.
    >>> oui
    OUI('08-00-30')
    >>> oui.registration(0).address
    ['2380 N. ROSE AVENUE', 'OXNARD  CA  93010', 'US']
    >>> oui.registration(0).org
    'NETWORK RESEARCH CORPORATION'
    >>> oui.registration(0).oui
    '08-00-30'
    >>> oui.registration(1).address
    ['GPO BOX 2476V', 'MELBOURNE  VIC  3001', 'AU']
    >>> oui.registration(1).org
    'ROYAL MELBOURNE INST OF TECH'
    >>> oui.registration(1).oui
    '08-00-30'
    >>> oui.registration(2).address
    ['CH-1211', 'GENEVE  SUISSE/SWITZ  023', 'CH']
    >>> oui.registration(2).org
    'CERN'
    >>> oui.registration(2).oui
    '08-00-30'
    >>> for i in range(oui.reg_count):
    ...     str(oui), oui.registration(i).org
    ...
    ('08-00-30', 'NETWORK RESEARCH CORPORATION')
    ('08-00-30', 'ROYAL MELBOURNE INST OF TECH')
    ('08-00-30', 'CERN')

Here is how you query an IAB with the EUI interface.

    >>> mac = EUI('00-50-C2-00-0F-01')
    >>> mac.is_iab()
    True
    >>> iab = mac.iab
    >>> iab
    IAB('00-50-C2-00-00-00')
    >>> iab.registration()
    {'address': ['1241 Superieor Ave E', 'Cleveland  OH  44114', 'US'],
     'iab': '00-50-C2-00-00-00',
     'idx': 84680704,
     ...
     'org': 'T.L.S. Corp.',
     'size': 537}

  Tutorial 3: Working with IP sets

First of all you need to pull the various netaddr classes and functions into your namespace.

Note: Do this for the purpose of this tutorial only. In your own code, you should be explicit about the classes, functions and constants you import to avoid name clashes.

    >>> from netaddr import *

  Creating IP sets

Here how to create IP sets.

An empty set.

    >>> IPSet()
    IPSet([])
    >>> IPSet([])
    IPSet([])
    >>> len(IPSet([]))
    0

You can specify either IP addresses and networks as strings. Alternatively, you can use IPAddress, IPNetwork, IPRange or other IPSet objects.

    >>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0'])
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
    >>> IPSet([IPAddress('192.0.2.0')])
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
    >>> IPSet([IPNetwork('192.0.2.0')])
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
    >>> IPSet(IPNetwork('1234::/32'))
    IPSet(['1234::/32'])
    >>> IPSet([IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')])
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24'])
    >>> IPSet(IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32']))
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
    >>> IPSet(IPRange("10.0.0.0", "10.0.1.31"))
    IPSet(['10.0.0.0/24', '10.0.1.0/27'])
    >>> IPSet(IPRange('0.0.0.0', '255.255.255.255'))
    IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])

You can iterate over all the IP addresses that are members of the IP set.

    >>> for ip in IPSet(['192.0.2.0/28', '::ffff:192.0.2.0/124']):
    ...     print(ip)
    192.0.2.0
    192.0.2.1
    192.0.2.2
    192.0.2.3
    192.0.2.4
    192.0.2.5
    192.0.2.6
    192.0.2.7
    192.0.2.8
    192.0.2.9
    192.0.2.10
    192.0.2.11
    192.0.2.12
    192.0.2.13
    192.0.2.14
    192.0.2.15
    ::ffff:192.0.2.0
    ::ffff:192.0.2.1
    ::ffff:192.0.2.2
    ::ffff:192.0.2.3
    ::ffff:192.0.2.4
    ::ffff:192.0.2.5
    ::ffff:192.0.2.6
    ::ffff:192.0.2.7
    ::ffff:192.0.2.8
    ::ffff:192.0.2.9
    ::ffff:192.0.2.10
    ::ffff:192.0.2.11
    ::ffff:192.0.2.12
    ::ffff:192.0.2.13
    ::ffff:192.0.2.14
    ::ffff:192.0.2.15

  Adding and removing set elements

    >>> s1 = IPSet()
    >>> s1.add('192.0.2.0')
    >>> s1
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
    >>> s1.remove('192.0.2.0')
    >>> s1
    IPSet([])
    >>> s1.add(IPRange("10.0.0.0", "10.0.0.255"))
    >>> s1
    IPSet(['10.0.0.0/24'])
    >>> s1.remove(IPRange("10.0.0.128", "10.10.10.10"))
    >>> s1
    IPSet(['10.0.0.0/25'])

  Set membership

Here is a simple arbitrary IP address range.

    >>> iprange = IPRange('192.0.1.255', '192.0.2.16')

We can see the CIDR networks that can existing with this defined range.

    >>> iprange.cidrs()
    [IPNetwork('192.0.1.255/32'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/28'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.16/32')]

Here's an IP set.

    >>> ipset = IPSet(['192.0.2.0/28'])

Now, let's iterate over the IP addresses in the arbitrary IP address range and see if they are found within the IP set.

    >>> for ip in iprange:
    ...     print(ip, ip in ipset)
    192.0.1.255 False
    192.0.2.0 True
    192.0.2.1 True
    192.0.2.2 True
    192.0.2.3 True
    192.0.2.4 True
    192.0.2.5 True
    192.0.2.6 True
    192.0.2.7 True
    192.0.2.8 True
    192.0.2.9 True
    192.0.2.10 True
    192.0.2.11 True
    192.0.2.12 True
    192.0.2.13 True
    192.0.2.14 True
    192.0.2.15 True
    192.0.2.16 False

More exotic IPSets

    >>> bigone = IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
    >>> IPAddress("10.0.0.1") in bigone
    True
    >>> IPAddress("0.0.0.0") in bigone
    True
    >>> IPAddress("255.255.255.0") in bigone
    True
    >>> IPNetwork("10.0.0.0/24") in bigone
    True
    >>> IPAddress("::1") in bigone
    False

    >>> smallone = IPSet(["10.0.0.42/32"])
    >>> IPAddress("10.0.0.42") in smallone
    True
    >>> IPAddress("10.0.0.41") in smallone
    False
    >>> IPAddress("10.0.0.43") in smallone
    False
    >>> IPNetwork("10.0.0.42/32") in smallone
    True
    >>> IPNetwork("10.0.0.42/31") in smallone
    False

  Unions, intersections and differences

Here are some examples of union operations performed on IPSet objects.

    >>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0'])
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])

    >>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.1'])
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/31'])

    >>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.1']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.3'])
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/31', '192.0.2.3/32'])

    >>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.1']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.3/30'])
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/30'])

    >>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.1']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.3/31'])
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/30'])

    >>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24']) | IPSet(['192.0.3.0/24']) | IPSet(['192.0.4.0/24'])
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/23', '192.0.4.0/24'])

Here is an example of the union, intersection and symmetric difference operations all in play at the same time.

    >>> adj_cidrs = list(IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24').subnet(28))
    >>> even_cidrs = adj_cidrs[::2]
    >>> evens = IPSet(even_cidrs)
    >>> evens
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/28', '192.0.2.32/28', '192.0.2.64/28', '192.0.2.96/28', '192.0.2.128/28', '192.0.2.160/28', '192.0.2.192/28', '192.0.2.224/28'])
    >>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24']) & evens
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/28', '192.0.2.32/28', '192.0.2.64/28', '192.0.2.96/28', '192.0.2.128/28', '192.0.2.160/28', '192.0.2.192/28', '192.0.2.224/28'])
    >>> odds = IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24']) ^ evens
    >>> odds
    IPSet(['192.0.2.16/28', '192.0.2.48/28', '192.0.2.80/28', '192.0.2.112/28', '192.0.2.144/28', '192.0.2.176/28', '192.0.2.208/28', '192.0.2.240/28'])
    >>> evens | odds
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24'])
    >>> evens & odds
    IPSet([])
    >>> evens ^ odds
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24'])

  Supersets and subsets

IP sets provide the ability to test whether a group of addresses ranges fit within the set of another group of address ranges.

    >>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.4.0/24'])
    >>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0', '192.0.4.0'])
    >>> s1
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.4.0/24'])
    >>> s2
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.4.0/32'])
    >>> s1.issuperset(s2)
    True
    >>> s2.issubset(s1)
    True
    >>> s2.issuperset(s1)
    False
    >>> s1.issubset(s2)
    False

Here's a more complete example using various well known IPv4 address ranges.

    >>> ipv4_addr_space = IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
    >>> private = IPSet(['10.0.0.0/8', '172.16.0.0/12', '192.0.2.0/24', '192.168.0.0/16', '239.192.0.0/14'])
    >>> reserved = IPSet(['225.0.0.0/8', '226.0.0.0/7', '228.0.0.0/6', '234.0.0.0/7', '236.0.0.0/7', '238.0.0.0/8', '240.0.0.0/4'])
    >>> unavailable = reserved | private
    >>> available = ipv4_addr_space ^ unavailable

Let's see what we've got:

    >>> for cidr in available.iter_cidrs():
    ...     print(cidr, cidr[0], cidr[-1])
    0.0.0.0/5 0.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
    8.0.0.0/7 8.0.0.0 9.255.255.255
    11.0.0.0/8 11.0.0.0 11.255.255.255
    12.0.0.0/6 12.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
    16.0.0.0/4 16.0.0.0 31.255.255.255
    32.0.0.0/3 32.0.0.0 63.255.255.255
    64.0.0.0/2 64.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
    128.0.0.0/3 128.0.0.0 159.255.255.255
    160.0.0.0/5 160.0.0.0 167.255.255.255
    168.0.0.0/6 168.0.0.0 171.255.255.255
    172.0.0.0/12 172.0.0.0 172.15.255.255
    172.32.0.0/11 172.32.0.0 172.63.255.255
    172.64.0.0/10 172.64.0.0 172.127.255.255
    172.128.0.0/9 172.128.0.0 172.255.255.255
    173.0.0.0/8 173.0.0.0 173.255.255.255
    174.0.0.0/7 174.0.0.0 175.255.255.255
    176.0.0.0/4 176.0.0.0 191.255.255.255
    192.0.0.0/23 192.0.0.0 192.0.1.255
    192.0.3.0/24 192.0.3.0 192.0.3.255
    192.0.4.0/22 192.0.4.0 192.0.7.255
    192.0.8.0/21 192.0.8.0 192.0.15.255
    192.0.16.0/20 192.0.16.0 192.0.31.255
    192.0.32.0/19 192.0.32.0 192.0.63.255
    192.0.64.0/18 192.0.64.0 192.0.127.255
    192.0.128.0/17 192.0.128.0 192.0.255.255
    192.1.0.0/16 192.1.0.0 192.1.255.255
    192.2.0.0/15 192.2.0.0 192.3.255.255
    192.4.0.0/14 192.4.0.0 192.7.255.255
    192.8.0.0/13 192.8.0.0 192.15.255.255
    192.16.0.0/12 192.16.0.0 192.31.255.255
    192.32.0.0/11 192.32.0.0 192.63.255.255
    192.64.0.0/10 192.64.0.0 192.127.255.255
    192.128.0.0/11 192.128.0.0 192.159.255.255
    192.160.0.0/13 192.160.0.0 192.167.255.255
    192.169.0.0/16 192.169.0.0 192.169.255.255
    192.170.0.0/15 192.170.0.0 192.171.255.255
    192.172.0.0/14 192.172.0.0 192.175.255.255
    192.176.0.0/12 192.176.0.0 192.191.255.255
    192.192.0.0/10 192.192.0.0 192.255.255.255
    193.0.0.0/8 193.0.0.0 193.255.255.255
    194.0.0.0/7 194.0.0.0 195.255.255.255
    196.0.0.0/6 196.0.0.0 199.255.255.255
    200.0.0.0/5 200.0.0.0 207.255.255.255
    208.0.0.0/4 208.0.0.0 223.255.255.255
    224.0.0.0/8 224.0.0.0 224.255.255.255
    232.0.0.0/7 232.0.0.0 233.255.255.255
    239.0.0.0/9 239.0.0.0 239.127.255.255
    239.128.0.0/10 239.128.0.0 239.191.255.255
    239.196.0.0/14 239.196.0.0 239.199.255.255
    239.200.0.0/13 239.200.0.0 239.207.255.255
    239.208.0.0/12 239.208.0.0 239.223.255.255
    239.224.0.0/11 239.224.0.0 239.255.255.255

    >>> ipv4_addr_space ^ available
    IPSet(['10.0.0.0/8', '172.16.0.0/12', '192.0.2.0/24', '192.168.0.0/16', '225.0.0.0/8', '226.0.0.0/7', '228.0.0.0/6', '234.0.0.0/7', '236.0.0.0/7', '238.0.0.0/8', '239.192.0.0/14', '240.0.0.0/4'])

  Combined IPv4 and IPv6 support

In keeping with netaddr's pragmatic approach, you are free to mix and match IPv4 and IPv6 within the same data structure.

    >>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0', '::ffff:192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.2', '::ffff:192.0.2.2'])
    >>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.2', '::ffff:192.0.2.2', '192.0.2.4', '::ffff:192.0.2.4'])

    >>> s1
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.2.2/32', '::ffff:192.0.2.0/128', '::ffff:192.0.2.2/128'])
    >>> s2
    IPSet(['192.0.2.2/32', '192.0.2.4/32', '::ffff:192.0.2.2/128', '::ffff:192.0.2.4/128'])

  IPv4 and IPv6 set union

    >>> s1 | s2
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.2.2/32', '192.0.2.4/32', '::ffff:192.0.2.0/128', '::ffff:192.0.2.2/128', '::ffff:192.0.2.4/128'])
    >>> s2 | s1
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.2.2/32', '192.0.2.4/32', '::ffff:192.0.2.0/128', '::ffff:192.0.2.2/128', '::ffff:192.0.2.4/128'])

  set intersection

    >>> s1 & s2
    IPSet(['192.0.2.2/32', '::ffff:192.0.2.2/128'])

  set difference

    >>> s1 - s2
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '::ffff:192.0.2.0/128'])
    >>> s2 - s1
    IPSet(['192.0.2.4/32', '::ffff:192.0.2.4/128'])

  set symmetric difference

    >>> s1 ^ s2
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.2.4/32', '::ffff:192.0.2.0/128', '::ffff:192.0.2.4/128'])

  Disjointed IP sets

    >>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.2'])
    >>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.2', '192.0.2.3', '192.0.2.4'])
    >>> s1 & s2
    IPSet(['192.0.2.2/32'])
    >>> s1.isdisjoint(s2)
    False
    >>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.1'])
    >>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.3', '192.0.2.4'])
    >>> s1 & s2
    IPSet([])
    >>> s1.isdisjoint(s2)
    True

  Updating an IP set

As with a normal Python set you can also update one IP set with the contents of another.

    >>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0/25'])
    >>> s1
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/25'])
    >>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.128/25'])
    >>> s2
    IPSet(['192.0.2.128/25'])
    >>> s1.update(s2)
    >>> s1
    IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24'])
    >>> s1.update(['192.0.0.0/24', '192.0.1.0/24', '192.0.3.0/24'])
    >>> s1
    IPSet(['192.0.0.0/22'])

    >>> s2 = IPSet(['10.0.0.0/16'])
    >>> s2.update(IPRange('10.1.0.0', '10.1.255.255'))
    >>> s2
    IPSet(['10.0.0.0/15'])

    >>> s2.clear()
    >>> s2
    IPSet([])

  Removing elements from an IP set

Removing an IP address from an IPSet will split the CIDR subnets within it into their constituent parts.

Here we create a set representing the entire IPv4 address space.

    >>> s1 = IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
    >>> s1
    IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])

Then we strip off the last address.

    >>> s1.remove('255.255.255.255')

Leaving us with:

    >>> s1
    IPSet(['0.0.0.0/1', '128.0.0.0/2', ..., '255.255.255.252/31', '255.255.255.254/32'])
    >>> list(s1.iter_cidrs())
    [IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/1'), IPNetwork('128.0.0.0/2'), ..., IPNetwork('255.255.255.252/31'), IPNetwork('255.255.255.254/32')]
    >>> len(list(s1.iter_cidrs()))
    32

Let's check the result using the cidr_exclude function.

    >>> list(s1.iter_cidrs()) == cidr_exclude('0.0.0.0/0', '255.255.255.255')
    True

Next, let's remove the first address from the original range.

    >>> s1.remove('0.0.0.0')

This fractures the CIDR subnets further.

    >>> s1
    IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '0.0.0.2/31', ..., '255.255.255.252/31', '255.255.255.254/32'])
    >>> len(list(s1.iter_cidrs()))
    62

You can keep doing this but be aware that large IP sets can take up a lot of memory if they contain many thousands of entries.

  Adding elements to an IP set

Let's fix up the fractured IP set from the previous section by re-adding the IP addresses we removed.

    >>> s1.add('255.255.255.255')
    >>> s1
    IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '0.0.0.2/31', ..., '64.0.0.0/2', '128.0.0.0/1'])

Getting better.

    >>> list(s1.iter_cidrs())
    [IPNetwork('0.0.0.1/32'), IPNetwork('0.0.0.2/31'), ..., IPNetwork('64.0.0.0/2'), IPNetwork('128.0.0.0/1')]

    >>> len(list(s1.iter_cidrs()))
    32

Add back the other IP address.

    >>> s1.add('0.0.0.0')

And we're back to our original address.

    >>> s1
    IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])

  Convert an IP set to an IP Range

Sometimes you may want to convert an IPSet back to an IPRange.

    >>> s1 = IPSet(['10.0.0.0/25', '10.0.0.128/25'])
    >>> s1.iprange()
    IPRange('10.0.0.0', '10.0.0.255')

This only works if the IPSet is contiguous

    >>> s1.iscontiguous()
    True
    >>> s1.remove('10.0.0.16')
    >>> s1
    IPSet(['10.0.0.0/28', '10.0.0.17/32', '10.0.0.18/31', '10.0.0.20/30', '10.0.0.24/29', '10.0.0.32/27', '10.0.0.64/26', '10.0.0.128/25'])
    >>> s1.iscontiguous()
    False
    >>> s1.iprange()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    ValueError: IPSet is not contiguous

If it is not contiguous, you can still convert the IPSet, but you will get multiple IPRanges. >>> list(s1.iter_ipranges()) [IPRange('10.0.0.0', '10.0.0.15'), IPRange('10.0.0.17', '10.0.0.255')]

    >>> s2 = IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
    >>> s2.iscontiguous()
    True
    >>> s2.iprange()
    IPRange('0.0.0.0', '255.255.255.255')

    >>> s3 = IPSet()
    >>> s3.iscontiguous()
    True
    >>> s3.iprange()

    >>> s4 = IPSet(IPRange('10.0.0.0', '10.0.0.8'))
    >>> s4.iscontiguous()
    True

  Pickling IPSet objects

As with all other netaddr classes, you can use pickle to persist IP sets for later use.

    >>> import pickle
    >>> ip_data = IPSet(['10.0.0.0/16', 'fe80::/64'])
    >>> buf = pickle.dumps(ip_data)
    >>> ip_data_unpickled = pickle.loads(buf)
    >>> ip_data == ip_data_unpickled
    True

  Compare IPSet objects

    >>> x = IPSet(['fc00::/2'])
    >>> y = IPSet(['fc00::/3'])

    >>> x > y
    True

    >>> x < y
    False

    >>> x != y
    True

HOW-TO GUIDES

The pages in this section are recipes and provide steps to address common problems and use-cases.

  How to install netaddr

Various Linux distributions make it available via their package managers.

  Installing from the Python Package Index

The easiest way to install netaddr is to use pip.

Download and install the latest version from PyPI - <https://pypi.org/project/pip> and run the following command

    pip install netaddr

If you want better the Interactive shell <#interactive-shell> experience you can install the extra IPython dependency like

    pip install 'netaddr[nicer-shell]'

or install IPython directly

    pip install ipython

  Installing using your Linux distribution package manager

Various Linux distributions make netaddr available via their package managers.

Note: The netaddr versions provided by Linux distributions may be outdated.

Refer to your distribution's documentation for installation instructions.

Example commands:

    # Debian, Ubuntu
    sudo apt install python3-netaddr
    # Fedora
    # Base installation
    sudo dnf install python3-netaddr
    # The CLI tool
    sudo dnf install python3-netaddr-shell

  Installing from a source package

Download the latest release tarball/zip file and extract it to a temporary directory or clone the repository into a local working directory.

Install the local package:

    pip install .

This automatically places the required files in the lib/site-packages directory of the Python version you used to run the setup script, may also be part of a virtualenv or similar environment manager.

REFERENCE

The pages in this section contain technical description of various parts of netaddr machinery.

  Compatibility

  Supported Python versions

netaddr supports the following Python versions (CPython and PyPy):

•   3.7

•   3.8

•   3.9

•   3.10

•   3.11

•   3.12

    Support for the following versions has been removed in 1.0.0:

•   2.7

•   3.5

•   3.6

    Support deprecated and scheduled to be removed in netaddr 2:

•   3.7

  Supported operating systems

The library is operating system-independent.

  Supported hardware architectures

The library is hardware architecture-independent.

  API Reference

This page documents netaddr's public API. Only things explicitly mentioned in this documentation are supported and considered part of the public API.

Any of the following is considered private and unsupported:

•   Anything within any of the netaddr submodules (from netaddr.X import Y)

•   Anything with a name started with a single underscore (_X)

•   Anything not explicitly documented as part of the public API

  IP Class Hierarchy

Here the class hierarchy for IP related classes

    +---------+                                                +---------+
    | ipv4(M) |                                                | ipv6(M) |
    +---------+                                                +---------+
         |                                                          |
      (HAS A)                                                    (HAS A)
         |                                                          |
         +-----+----------------+-----------------+                 |
               |       +--------|-------+---------|--------+--------+
               |       |        |       |         |        |
               |       |        |       |         |        |
               v       v        v       v         |        |
             +-----------+    +-----------+       |        |
             | IPAddress |    | IPNetwork |       |        |
             +-----------+    +-----------+       |        |
                   |                |             |        |
                (HAS A)          (HAS A)          |        |
                   |                |             v        v
                   +-------+--------+           +------------+
                           |                    |  IPRange   |
                           |                    +------------+
                           v                          |
                       +-------+                      |
                       | IPSet |                      v
                       +-------+                  +--------+
                                                  | IPGlob |
                                                  +--------+

  Constants

The following constants are used by the various flags arguments on netaddr class constructors.

netaddr.INET_PTON
    Use inet_pton() semantics instead of inet_aton() when parsing IPv4.

    See the IPAddress.__init__() documentation for details.

    Changed in version 1.0.0: Started rejecting leading zeros regardless of the platform (it was previously allowed on some).

netaddr.INET_ATON
    Use inet_aton() semantics when parsing IPv4.

    See the IPAddress.__init__() documentation for details.

    Added in version 0.10.0.

netaddr.ZEROFILL
    Remove any preceding zeros from IPv4 address octets before parsing.

    See the IPAddress.__init__() documentation for details.

netaddr.NOHOST
    Remove any host bits found to the right of an applied CIDR prefix.

    See the IPNetwork.__init__() documentation for details.

  Custom Exceptions

  IP addresses

An IP address is a virtual address used to identify the source and destination of (layer 3) packets being transferred between hosts in a switched network. This library fully supports both IPv4 and the new IPv6 standards.

The IPAddress class is used to identify individual IP addresses.

  IPv6 formatting dialects

The following dialect classes can be used with the IPAddress.format method.

  IP networks and subnets

The IPNetwork class is used to represent a group of IP addresses that comprise a network/subnet/VLAN containing hosts.

Nowadays, IP networks are usually specified using the CIDR format with a prefix indicating the size of the netmask. In the real world, there are a number of ways to express a "network"" and so the flexibility of the IPNetwork class constructor reflects this.

  Arbitrary IP address ranges

netaddr was designed to accommodate the many different ways in which groups of IP addresses and IP networks are specified, not only in router configurations but also less standard but more human-readable forms found in, for instance, configuration files.

Here are the options currently available.

  bounded ranges

A bounded range is a group of IP addresses specified using a start and end address forming a contiguous block. No bit boundaries are assumed but the end address must be numerically greater than or equal to the start address.

  IP glob ranges

A very useful way to represent IP network in configuration files and on the command line for those who do not speak CIDR.

The IPGlob class is used to represent individual glob ranges.

  globbing functions

It is also very useful to be able to convert between glob ranges and CIDR and IP ranges. The following function enable these various conversions.

  nmap ranges

nmap is a well known network security tool. It has a particularly flexible way of specifying IP address groupings.

Functions are provided that allow the verification and enumeration of IP address specified in this format.

  IP sets

When dealing with large numbers of IP addresses and ranges it is often useful to manipulate them as sets so you can calculate intersections, unions and differences between various groups of them.

The IPSet class was built specifically for this purpose.

  IP functions and generators

The following are a set of useful helper functions related to the various format supported in this library.

  MAC addresses and the IEEE EUI standard

A MAC address is the 48-bit hardware address associated with a particular physical interface on a networked host. They are found in all networked devices and serve to identify (layer 2) frames in the networking stack.

The EUI class is used to represents MACs (as well as their larger and less common 64-bit cousins).

  MAC formatting dialects

The following dialects are used to specify the formatting of MAC addresses.

  Validation functions

  A bit of fun

Who said networking was all about being serious? It's always good to lighten up and have a bit of fun.

Let's face it, no networking library worth its salt would be complete without support for RFC 1924 - <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1924> :-)

  CLI tool

The netaddr package includes a netaddr CLI application.

Note: The tool is meant to be used by humans. Its interface should not be considered stable. Exercise caution when using it in any kind of programmatic context (read: scripting).

If you want a stable interface use the programmatic API <>.

To see the usage

    % netaddr --help
                   __            __    __
       ____  ___  / /_____ _____/ /___/ /____
      / __ \/ _ \/ __/ __ `/ __  / __  / ___/
     / / / /  __/ /_/ /_/ / /_/ / /_/ / /
    /_/ /_/\___/\__/\__,_/\__,_/\__,_/_/
    usage: netaddr [-h]
    The netaddr CLI tool
    options:
    -h, --help  show this help message and exit
    Share and enjoy!

  Interactive shell

Calling netaddr without any arguments will launch an interactive shell.

The shell uses IPython <https://pypi.org/project/ipython/> if available or the built-in Python REPL otherwise. The IPython REPL has more features and offers nicer experience overall.

The shell comes with all parts of the netaddr API <> pre-imported so you can interact with it right away, with minimal friction:

    % netaddr
                   __            __    __
       ____  ___  / /_____ _____/ /___/ /____
      / __ \/ _ \/ __/ __ `/ __  / __  / ___/
     / / / /  __/ /_/ /_/ / /_/ / /_/ / /
    /_/ /_/\___/\__/\__,_/\__,_/\__,_/_/
    netaddr shell 1.0.0 - an interactive shell for the netaddr library
    In [1]: '10.0.0.2' in IPNetwork('10.0.0.0/24')
    Out[1]: True
    In [2]:

Changed in version 1.2.0: Made IPython an optional dependency.

  Network information

Run netaddr info <network> to display information about an IP network:

    % netaddr info 192.2.2.27/24
                   __            __    __
       ____  ___  / /_____ _____/ /___/ /____
      / __ \/ _ \/ __/ __ `/ __  / __  / ___/
     / / / /  __/ /_/ /_/ / /_/ / /_/ / /
    /_/ /_/\___/\__/\__,_/\__,_/\__,_/_/
    IP network information
    CIDR                     192.2.2.0/24
    Network IP               192.2.2.0
    Network IP (binary)      11000000.00000010.00000010.00000000
    Network IP (decimal)     3221357056
    Network IP (hex)         0xc0020200
    Subnet mask              255.255.255.0
    Subnet mask (binary)     11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
    Broadcast IP             192.2.2.255
    Range                    192.2.2.0-192.2.2.255
    Total addresses          256
    Usable range             192.2.2.1-192.2.2.254
    Usable addresses         254

  Standards and References

The following references are applicable to the netaddr library.

  RFCs

The following RFCs have guided netaddr's feature set and capabilities.

  IPv4

RFC 791 - Internet Protocol

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc791>

RFC 1918 - Address Allocation for Private Internets

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1918>

RFC 3330 - Special-Use IPv4 Addresses

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3330>

RFC 3927 - Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3927>

  Multicast (IPv4)

RFC 2365 - Administratively Scoped IP Multicast

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2365>

RFC 3171 - IANA IPv4 Multicast Guidelines

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3171>

RFC 3927 - Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3927>

  IPv6

RFC 3330 - Special-Use IPv4 Addresses

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3330>

RFC 4291 - IPv6 Addressing Architecture

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4291>

RFC 3306 - Unicast-Prefix-based IPv6 Multicast

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3306>

RFC 3956 - The RP Address in IPv6 Multicast Address

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3956>

RFC 3879 - Deprecating Site Local Addresses

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3879>

RFC 4193 - Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4193>

RFC 4941 - Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4941>

RFC 1924 - A Compact Representation of IPv6 Addresses

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1924>

  Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

RFC 1338 - Supernetting: an Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1338>

RFC 4632 - Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation Plan

•   <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4632>

  Data Sources

Data from the following sources is exposed via the netaddr API.

  Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

IANA Protocol Registry

•   <http://www.iana.org/protocols/>

IPv4 Address Space

•   <http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space>

IPv6 Address Space

•   <http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-address-space>

Multicast Registrations

•   <http://www.iana.org/assignments/multicast-addresses>

  Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

IEEE Organisation Registry

•   <http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/oui/index.shtml>

OUI (Organisationally Unique Identifier) Registrations

•   <http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/oui/oui.txt>

IAB (Individual Address Block) Registrations

•   <http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/oui/iab.txt>

HOW-TO GUIDES

  How to release netaddr

Here is how to go about releasing a new version of netaddr.

•   Make sure you have the necessary dependencies installed:

        pip install --upgrade wheel twine

•   Pull down the latest set of changes for the master branch.

    The assumption is the master branch build is green and everything works correctly (we have a CI process in place).

•   Update the top-most section in the CHANGELOG.rst with details of all notable changes since the last release that aren't there already.

    Set the release date to the current day.

•   Decide what the new version should be (depending on the changes that will be present in this release):

•   Fixes – patch version bump

•   New features – minor version bump

•   Substantial or breaking changes – major version bump

•   Update the version numbers throughout the source code. That includes changing the currently version number in

•   netaddr/__init__.py

•   docs/source/conf.py

    and replacing all NEXT_NETADDR_VERSION instances with the new version (except for places like this file, of course).

•   Commit all changes.

•   Build and publish the package:

        make build-and-publish

•   Tag the release and sync it to remote repo:

        git tag -a x.y.z -m 'Release version x.y.z'
        make push_tags

•   Create a GitHub Release <https://github.com/netaddr/netaddr/releases/new> based on the tag you just pushed.

    Put the new CHANGELOG.rst contents there and add the "Full changelog" link at the end (copy and adapt from the previous release).

CHANGELOG

  NEXT_NETADDR_VERSION

Date: not released yet

  Release: 1.3.0

Date: 2024-05-28

Added:

•   Add partial address expansion in IPNetwork via the expand_partial switch, this enables opting into pre-1.1.0 behavior

    Fixed:

•   Fix running the test suite on musl systems

•   Fix IPAddress IPv6 parsing with ZEROFILL <#netaddr.ZEROFILL> enabled

•   Fix handling of the NOHOST <#netaddr.NOHOST> flag in the IPNetwork copy constructor

  Release: 1.2.1

Date: 2024-02-17

Fixed:

•   Fix bad version 1.2.0 upload to PyPI – now yanked. No changes to the package.

  Release: 1.2.0

Date: 2024-02-17

Added:

•   Add CLI tool subcommand to display Network information <#cli-network-info>.

    Changed:

•   Support running Interactive shell <#interactive-shell> without IPython installed.

    Fixed:

•   Explicitly raise TypeError is a non-string value is passed to valid_ipv4() or valid_ipv6().

  Release: 1.1.0

Date: 2024-02-15

Added:

•   Add the required Python version to the package metadata (GH #365 <https://github.com/netaddr/netaddr/issues/365>).

•   Add expand_partial_ipv4_address() to the public API.

    Fixed:

•   Fix IPNetwork(...) in IPRange(...) false negatives (GH #157 <https://github.com/netaddr/netaddr/issues/157>).

•   Fix a few IPNetwork slicing edge cases (GH #214 <https://github.com/netaddr/netaddr/issues/214>).

•   Fix support for partial IP addresses accidentally left in IPNetwork in 1.0.0.

    When I removed the implicit_prefix switch I missed the fact that there was some partial IPv4 address expansion triggered unconditionally.

    If you need the old behavior use expand_partial_ipv4_address().

    Related GH issue: #110 <https://github.com/netaddr/netaddr/issues/110>.

•   Fixed an incorrect license classifier in the package metadata.

  Release: 1.0.0

Date: 2024-02-10

Removed:

•   Drop support for Python versions lower than 3.7.

•   Remove the flag shorthands: N, P and Z. Use NOHOST <#netaddr.NOHOST>, INET_PTON <#netaddr.INET_PTON> and ZEROFILL <#netaddr.ZEROFILL> instead.

•   Remove abbreviated CIDR format support in IPNetwork (implicit_prefix=True), use cidr_abbrev_to_verbose() if you need this behavior.

•   Remove the IPAddress.is_private method.

    There are more precise replacements for subset of the addresses that used to handled by is_private:

•   IPAddress.is_link_local()

•   IPAddress.is_ipv4_private_use()

•   IPAddress.is_ipv6_unique_local()

•   IPAddress.is_global()

    The following address blocks used to be handled by is_private have no dedicated convenience methods and you'll have to handle them manually or request a method addition:

•   100.64.0.0/10 – Shared Address Space

•   192.0.0.0/24 – IETF Protocol Assignments (watch out – there are exceptions in there)

•   198.18.0.0/15 – Benchmarking

•   239.0.0.0-239.255.255.255 – 240.0.0.0/4 is Reserved, 239.0.0.0/8 – unclear

    Changed:

•   Stop accepting leading zeros when parsing IPv4 addresses in INET_PTON <#netaddr.INET_PTON> mode (it's been allowed on some platforms).

    If you need to allow and discard leading zeros use the ZEROFILL <#netaddr.ZEROFILL> flag.

    This change will affect implicit conversions from str in all relevant contexts. If you need to control the IPv4 parsing mode construct IPAddress objects explicitly.

•   Stop parsing IPv4 addresses permissively (inet_aton()-like) by default.

    INET_PTON <#netaddr.INET_PTON> is the default mode.

    If you need to be permissive and parse using inet_aton() semantics use the INET_ATON <#netaddr.INET_ATON> flag.

    This change will affect implicit conversions from str in all relevant contexts. If you need to control the IPv4 parsing mode construct IPAddress objects explicitly.

•   Apply the two changes above to valid_ipv4() as well.

•   Update the address databases to the 2024-02-10 versions.

    Fixed:

•   Return False instead of raising AddrFormatError when an empty string is passed to valid_ipv4() or valid_ipv6().

•   Fix handling of dialect provided to EUI during copy-construction.

  Release: 0.10.1

Date: 2024-01-02

Fixed:

•   Get rid of some warnings

    Deprecated:

•   Deprecate the flag shorthands: N, P and Z. Use NOHOST <#netaddr.NOHOST>, INET_PTON <#netaddr.INET_PTON> and ZEROFILL <#netaddr.ZEROFILL> instead.

•   Deprecate importing objects from netaddr subpackages. Only importing things from the top-level netaddr namespace is supported, everything else is considered private.

    This has already been the case but we can use a reminder.

•   Deprecate permissive-by-default IPv4 parsing in valid_ipv4(). The inet_pton() semantics (with leading zeros always disallowed) will become the default. Use INET_ATON <#netaddr.INET_ATON> and/or ZEROFILL <#netaddr.ZEROFILL> flags if you need the legacy behavior.

  Release: 0.10.0

Date: 2023-12-31

Added:

•   Add an INET_ATON <#netaddr.INET_ATON> flag to explicitly request inet_aton() IPv4 parsing semantics from IPAddress.

•   Add an IPAddress.is_ipv4_private_use() convenience method.

•   Add an IPAddress.is_global() convenience method to allow determining if an address is considered globally reachable.

•   Add an IPAddress.is_ipv6_unique_local() convenience method.

    Fixed:

•   Improve Python 3.13 compatibility, thank you John Eckersberg.

    Deprecated:

•   Deprecate Python 3.7 support.

•   Deprecate abbreviated CIDR format support in IPNetwork (implicit_prefix=True).

•   Deprecate accepting leading zeros when parsing IPv4 addresses in INET_PTON <#netaddr.INET_PTON> mode (it's been allowed on some platforms).

    If you need to allow and discard leading zeros use the ZEROFILL <#netaddr.ZEROFILL> flag.

    This change will affect implicit conversions from str in all relevant contexts. If you need to control the IPv4 parsing mode construct IPAddress objects explicitly.

•   Deprecate parsing IPv4 addresses permissively (inet_aton()-like) by default.

    INET_PTON <#netaddr.INET_PTON> will become the default mode.

    If you need to be permissive and parse using inet_aton() semantics use the INET_ATON <#netaddr.INET_ATON> flag.

    This change will affect implicit conversions from str in all relevant contexts. If you need to control the IPv4 parsing mode construct IPAddress objects explicitly.

•   Deprecate the IPAddress.is_private method. Migration instructions in the documentation.

    Other:

•   Raise an exception if invalid flags are passed to IPAddress, IPNetwork or IPRange.

•   Improve the documentation substantially.

•   Update the DB files to the latest versions (2023-12-23).

  Release: 0.9.0

Date: 2023-09-18

Added:

•   Add hash capabilities to OUI (#225, amitmi704)

    Fixed:

•   Backwards incompatible: Handle RFC 6164 IPv6 addresses (don't reserve first IP address in point-to-point subnets) ($267, Damien Claisse)

•   Technically backwards incompatible: Fix for is_loopback behaviour – consider IPNetwork('::1/128') to be loopback (#222, #223, niels)

•   Include tutorials in source distributions (#215, Louis Sautier)

•   Fix a documentation typo (#242, Wouter)

•   Fix print syntax in the documentation to be Python 3 compatible (#221, François Magimel)

•   Fix the Sphinx syntax in the documentation (#220, François Magimel)

    Other:

•   Update the databases (#266, Jakub Stasiak)

•   Deprecate Python 3.6 (#263, Jakub Stasiak)

•   Eliminate unnecessary evals (#228, KOLANICH)

  Release: 0.8.0

Date: 3 Jul 2020

  Changes since 0.7.20

•   Fixed weak reference support in classes with __slots__

•   Added __bytes__ to IPAddress for intuitive usage, thanks to Michael Belousov.

•   Added format() function to EUI, thanks to Omer Anson.

•   Added IPNetwork.netmask property setter, thanks to Naveen Nathan.

•   Added support for IABs in the 40:D8:55 OUI, thanks to Brian Maissy.

•   Drastically optimized spanning_cidr(), thanks to Brian Maissy.

•   Fixed "x.x.x.x/x" in IPNetwork tests, thanks to xpac1985.

•   Added support for passing iterables of IPRange to IPSet and cidr_merge(), based on a patch by Henry Stern.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 205: <https://github.com/netaddr/netaddr/issues/205>

•   N log N complexity instead of linear

FIXED Issue 171: <https://github.com/netaddr/netaddr/issues/171>

•   Efficiently creating a large IPSet from a list of IPRanges?

FIXED Issue 161: <https://github.com/netaddr/netaddr/issues/161>

•   Weak reference support

  Miscellanea

•   The next release (0.9.0) will contain a backwards incompatible change in IPNetwork's behaviour. It's connected to handling of RFC 6164 IPv6 addresses (/127 and /128): IPNetwork.broadcast will return None for those and first addresses in the networks will no longer be excluded when iterating IPNetwork and IPNetwork.iter_hosts(). See <https://github.com/netaddr/netaddr/pull/168> (or temporarily reverted commit 2984c0a40a70 in this repository) to see the actual patch.

  Release: 0.7.20

Date: 19 Jun 2020

  Changes since 0.7.19

•   Fixed returning from an iterator on Python 3.7+, by Sergey Kozlov.

•   Fixed Python 3.8 SyntaxWarning on using is not with a string literal, by Stefan Nordhausen.

•   Fixed DeprecationWarnings by using raw strings for escape characters used in regexes, by Sean McGinnis.

•   Improved IPGlob documentation, by obkmeta.

•   Fixed exception creation in corner cases by explicitly passing error message params as tuples, by Matthias Urlichs.

•   Stopped manually replacing shebang of an included script.

•   Stopped using __file__ in all code that's expected to run in environments that don't support it (like PyOxidizer-produced binaries).

•   Updated all databases included in the package.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 182: <https://github.com/netaddr/netaddr/issues/182>

•   test_ip_splitter_remove_prefix_larger_than_input_range fails with python 3.7

FIXED Issue 206: <https://github.com/netaddr/netaddr/issues/206>

•   ""is not" with a literal." SyntaxWarning

FIXED Issue 198: <https://github.com/netaddr/netaddr/issues/198>

•   oui databases are outdated

FIXED Issue 188: <https://github.com/netaddr/netaddr/issues/188>

•   Avoid use of __file__

  Miscellanea

•   Python 2 versions older than 2.7 and Python 3 versions older than 3.5 should be considered unsupported. No incompatible code has been introduced to the best of our knowledge but there's no CI infrastructure in place to verify this and if there are any issues with those versions they won't be fixed.

•   Consequently, Python 2.7 and 3.5 support should be considered deprecated as 2.7 has reached its end-of-life already and 3.5 will hit it soon.

•   A CI setup has been introduced which allows us to test on a variety of Python versions on all Mac, Linux and Windows.

  Release: 0.7.19

Date: 11 Jan 2017

  Changes since 0.7.18

•   added a new SubnetSplitter class for those looking to divide up subnets. Thanks alanwill and RyPeck and those on (Stack Overflow discussion).

•   removed bundled pytest dependency code for "python setup.py test".

•   setup.py now uses setuptools only (no more distutils) and setup_egg.py removed.

•   cleaned up INSTALL docs so they accurately reflect current Python packaging.

•   fixed broken parsing, generating and reading of IEEE index files when switching between Python 2.x and 3.x.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 133: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/133>

•   Splitting a single network into multiple prefixed networks

FIXED Issue 129: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/129>

•   fix IPAddress().netmask_bits to return 0 for 0.0.0.0 and [::] addresses

FIXED Issue 117: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/117>

•   (python setup.py test) failing with python3 >= 3.5

FIXED Issue 137: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/137>

•   API reference is broken on ReadTheDocs

FIXED Issue 143: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/143>

•   Please refresh the bundled IANA and IEEE databases

  Miscellanea

•   Goodbye to NYSE Euronext (good times), hello Intercontinental Exchange ...

  Release: 0.7.18

Date: 4 Sep 2015

  Changes since 0.7.17

•   cidr_merge() algorithm is now O(n) and much faster. Thanks to Anand Buddhdev (aabdnn) and Stefan Nordhausen (snordhausen).

•   nmap target specification now fully supported including IPv4 CIDR prefixes and IPv6 addresses.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 100: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/100>

•   nmap.py - CIDR targets

FIXED Issue 112: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/112>

•   Observation: netaddr slower under pypy

  Release: 0.7.17

Date: 31 Aug 2015

  Changes since 0.7.16

•   Fixed a regression with valid_mac due to shadow import in the netaddr module.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 114: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/114>

•   netaddr.valid_mac('00-B0-D0-86-BB-F7')==False for 0.7.16 but True for 0.7.15

  Release: 0.7.16

Date: 30 Aug 2015

  Changes since 0.7.15

•

IPv4 networks with /31 and /32 netmasks are now treated according to
    RFC 3021. Thanks to kalombos and braaen.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 109: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/109>

•   Identify registry of global IPv6 unicast allocations

FIXED Issue 108: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/108>

•   One part of docs unclear?

FIXED Issue 106: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/106>

•   Eui64 Updated (pull request for Issue 105)

FIXED Issue 105: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/105>

•   Support dialects for EUI-64 addresses

FIXED Issue 102: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/102>

•   0.7.15 tarball is missing tests.

FIXED Issue 96: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/96>

•   Wrong hosts and broadcasts for /31 and /32 networks.

  Release: 0.7.15

Date: 29 Jun 2015

  Changes since 0.7.14

•   Fix slowness in IPSet.__contains__. Thanks to novas0x2a for noticing.

•   Normalize IPNetworks when they are added to an IPSet

•   Converted test suite to py.test

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 98: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/98>

•   Convert test suite to py.test

FIXED Issue 94: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/94>

•   IPSet.__contains__ is about 40 times slower than the equivalent IPRange

FIXED Issue 95: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/95>

•   Inconsistent Address Handling in IPSet

  Release: 0.7.14

Date: 31st Mar 2015

  Changes since 0.7.13

•   Fix weird build breakage in 0.7.13 (wrong Python path, incorrect OUI DB).

•

EUI, OUI, and IAB objects can now be compared with strings. You can do
    my_mac = EUI("11:22:33:44:55:66") my_mac == "11:22:33:44:55:66" and Python will return True on the "==" operator.

•

Implement the "!=" operator for OUI and IAB under Python2. It was already
    working under Python3.

•

64 bit EUIs could only be created from strings with "-" as a separator.
    Now, ":" and no separator are supported, which already worked for 48 bit EUIs.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 80: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/pull/80>

•   Compare L2 addresses with their representations

FIXED Issue 81: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/81>

•   OUI database tests fail in 0.7.13

FIXED Issue 84: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/84>

•   Incorrect python executable path in netaddr-0.7.13-py2.py3-none-any.whl

FIXED Issue 87: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/pull/87>

•   Handle eui64 addresses with colon as a delimiter and without delimiter.

  Release: 0.7.13

Date: 31st Dec 2014

  Changes since 0.7.12

•   IPAddress objects can now be added to/subtracted from each other

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 73: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/73>

•   Adding IP Addresses

FIXED Issue 74: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/74>

•   compute static global ipv6 addr from the net prefix and mac address

FIXED Issue 75: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/75>

•   add classifiers for python 3.3 and 3.4 support

  Release: 0.7.12

Date: 6th Jul 2014

  Changes since 0.7.11

•   Added method IPSet.iter_ipranges().

•   bool(IPSet()) works now for large IPSets, e.g. IPSet(['2405:8100::/32']).

•   IPNetwork.iter_hosts now skips the subnet-router anycast address for IPv6.

•   Removed function fbsocket.inet_aton because it is unused and unnecessary

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 69: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/69>

•   Add __nonzero__ method to IPSet

FIXED Pull Request 68: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/pull/68>

•   Fixed a bug related to allowing ::0 during iter_hosts for v6

FIXED Issue 67: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/67>

•   Remove function fbsocket.inet_aton

FIXED Pull Request 66: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/pull/66>

•   Added Function to create list of IPRange for non-contiguous IPSet

  Release: 0.7.11

Date: 19th Mar 2014

  Changes since 0.7.10

•

Performance of IPSet increased dramatically, implemented by
    Stefan Nordhausen and Martijn van Oosterhout. As a side effect, IPSet(IPNetwork("10.0.0.0/8")) is now as fast as you'd expect.

•   Various performance improvements all over the place.

•   netaddr is now hosted on PyPI and can be installed via pip.

•   Doing "10.0.0.42" in IPNetwork("10.0.0.0/24") works now.

•   IPSet has two new methods: iscontiguous() and iprange(), thanks to Louis des Landes.

•   Re-added the IPAddress.netmask_bits() method that was accidentally removed.

•

Networks 128.0.0.0/16, 191.255.0.0/16, and 223.255.255.0/24 are not marked as
    reserved IPv4 addresses any more. Thanks to marnickv for pointing that out.

•   Various bug fixes contributed by Wilfred Hughes, 2*yo and Adam Goodman.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 58: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/58>

•   foo.bar doesn't throw AddrFormatError

    FIXED Issue 57: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/57>

•   netaddr packages not hosted on PyPI

    FIXED Issue 56: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/56>

•   Fix comparison with large IPSet()

    FIXED Issue 55: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/pull/55>

•   Fix smallest_matching_cidr and all_matching_cidrs

    FIXED Issue 53: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/53>

•   Exclude 128.0.0.0/16 and possibly others from reserved range set?

    FIXED Issue 51: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/51>

•   Encoding errors in netaddr/eui/oui.txt

    FIXED Issue 46: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/46>

•   len(IPSet()) fails on python3

    FIXED Issue 43: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/43>

•   Method to check if IPSet is contiguous

    FIXED Issue 38: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/38>

•   netmask_bits is missing from the IPAddress

    FIXED Issue 37: <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/37>

•   Test failures with Python 3.3

  Release: 0.7.10

Date: 6th Sep 2012

  Changes since 0.7.9

•   A bunch of Python 3.x bug fixes. Thanks Arfrever.

•   Extended nmap support to cover full target specification.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 36 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/36>

•   ResourceWarnings with Python >=3.2

    FIXED Issue 35 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/35>

•   netaddr-0.7.9: Test failure with Python 3

    FIXED Issue 34 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/34>

•   netaddr.ip.iana.SaxRecordParser.endElement() incompatible with Python 3.1

    FIXED Issue 33 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/33>

•   netaddr script not installed with Python 3

    FIXED Issue 23 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/23>

•   valid_nmap_range() does not validate nmap format case.

    FIXED Issue 22 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/22>

•   all_matching_cidrs: documentation incorrect

  Release: 0.7.9

Date: 28th Aug 2012

  Changes since 0.7.8

•   Re-release to fix build removing Sphinx dependency.

  Release: 0.7.8

Date: 28th Aug 2012

  Changes since 0.7.7

•   New SAX parser for IANA data source files (contributed by Andrew Stromnov)

•   Fixed pickling failures with EUI, OUI and IAB classes.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 31 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/31>

•   Exclude '39.0.0.0/8' network from reserved set. Thanks Andrew Stromnov

    FIXED Issue 28 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/28>

•   Fix algorithm in ipv6_link_local to fully conform to rfc4291. Thanks Philipp Wollermann

    FIXED Issue 25 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/25>

•   install_requires is too aggressive? Thanks Adam Lindsay and commenters.

    FIXED Issue 21 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/21>

•   deepcopy for EUI fails. Thanks Ryan Nowakowski.

  Release: 0.7.7

Date: 30th May 2012

  Changes since 0.7.6

•   Comprehensive documentation update! It's only taken 4 years to get around to using Sphinx and I can confirm it is TOTALLY AWESOME!

•   Various bug fixes

•   Refreshed IEEE OUI and IAB data

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 24 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/24>

•   Fixed TypeError when comparing BaseIP instance with non-BaseIP objects. Thanks pvaret

    FIXED Issue 17 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/17>

•   For large ipv6 networks the .subnet() method fails. Thanks daveyss

    FIXED Issue 20 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/20>

•   Test failure with Python 3. Thanks Arfrever

  Release: 0.7.6

Date: 13th Sep 2011

  Changes since 0.7.5

•   A bug fix point release

•   Refreshed 3rd party data caches

•   Tested against Python 3.2.x and PyPy 1.6.x

•   Fixed unit tests under for Mac OSX

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 15 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/15>

•   Incorrect and invalid glob produced when last octet is not *

    FIXED Issue 13 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/13>

•   Added support for IPython 0.11 API changes. Thanks juliantaylor

    FIXED Issue 11 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/11>

•   Calling valid_glob on cidr raises ValueError. Thanks radicand

    FIXED Issue 7 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/7>

•   Unpickling Bug in IPSet. Thanks LuizOz and labeneator

    FIXED Issue 2 - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues/2>

•   UnboundLocalError raised in IPNetwork constructor. Thanks keesbos

  Miscellanea

•   Has a famous soft drink company started making it own NICs?

  Release: 0.7.5

Date: 5th Oct 2010

  Changes since 0.7.4

•   Python 3.x is now fully supported. The paint is still drying on this so please help with testing and raise bug tickets when you find any issues! New Issue Tracker - <https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/issues>

•   Moved code hosting to github. History ported thanks to svn2git. - (<https://github.com/nirvdrum/svn2git>)

•   All netaddr objects now use approx. 65% less memory due to the use of __slots__ in classes throughout the codebase. Thanks to Stefan Nordhausen and his Python guru for this suggestion!

•   Applied many optimisations and speedups throughout the codebase.

•   Fixed the behaviour of the IPNetwork constructor so it now behaves in a much more sensible and expected way (i.e. no longer uses inet_aton semantics which is just plain odd for network addresses).

•   One minor change to behaviour in this version is that the .value property on IPAddress and IPNetwork objects no longer support assignment using a string IP address. Only integer value assignments are now valid. The impact of this change should be minimal for the majority of users.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 49 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=49>

•   Incorrect IP range recognition on IPs with leading zeros

    FIXED Issue 50 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=50>

•   CIDR block parsing

    FIXED Issue 52 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=52>

•   ipv6 cidr matches incorrectly match ipv4 [sic]

    FIXED Issue 53 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=53>

•   Error in online documentation

    FIXED Issue 54 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=54>

•   IP recognition failure

    FIXED Issue 55 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=55>

•   Support for Python 3.x

    FIXED Issue 56 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=56>

•   checking IPAddress in IPNetwork

    FIXED Issue 57 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=57>

•   netaddr objects can't pickle

    FIXED Issue 58 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=58>

•   IPSet operations should accept the same arguments as IPAddress

    FIXED Issue 59 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=59>

•   netaddr fails to load when imported by a PowerDNS coprocess

  Miscellanea

•   Welcome back to standards.ieee.org which seems to have been down for weeks!

•   Goodbye Sun Microsystems + Merrill Lynch, hello Oracle + Bank of America ...

  Release: 0.7.4

Date: 2nd Dec 2009

  Changes since 0.7.3

•   Applied speed patches by S. Nordhausen

•   Fixed an inconsistency between EUI and IPAddress interfaces. Made EUI.packed and EUI.bin properties (previously methods) and added a words() property.

  Release: 0.7.3

Date: 14th Sep 2009

  Changes since 0.7.2

•   Added __add__, __radd__, __sub__, __rsub__ operators to the IPAddress class.

•   Added support for validation and iteration of simple nmap style IPv4 ranges (raised in Issue 46).

•   Removed some unused constants from fallback socket module.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 44 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=44>

•   int/long type error

    FIXED Issue 46 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=46>

•   Question about IPv4 ranges

    FIXED Issue 47 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=47>

•   IPNetwork cannot be evaluated as a boolean when it has a large size

  Release: 0.7.2

Date: 20th Aug 2009

  Changes since 0.7.1

FIXED a boundary problem with the iter_iprange() generator function
    and all associated calls to it throughout the codebase, including unit test coverage and adjustments.

•   Replaced regular expressions in cidr_merge() with pre-compiled equivalents for a small speed boost.

•   Adjustments to README raised by John Eckersberg.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 43 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=43>

•   IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0') not usable in for loop

  Release: 0.7.1

Date: 14th Aug 2009

  Changes since 0.7

•   Renamed the netaddr shell script from 'nash' to plain 'netaddr'. This is to avoid a potentially nasty clash with an important Linux tool with the same name.

    Thanks to John Eckersberg for spotting this one early!

•   Updated IANA and IEEE data files with latest versions.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 42 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=42>

•   Bug in cidr_merge() function when passed the CIDRs 0.0.0.0/0 and/or ::/0

  Release: 0.7

Date: 11th Aug 2009

  Changes since 0.6.x

Please Note - This release represents a major overhaul of netaddr. It breaks backward compatibility with previous releases. See the API documentation for full details of what is available.

Some highlights of what has changed :-

•   Internal module hierarchy has been completely overhauled and redesigned. This fixes up a lot of inconsistencies and problems with interdependent imports. All public classes, objects, functions and constants are still published via the main netaddr module namespace as in previous releases.

•   No more AT_* and ST_* 'constants'.

•   The Addr base class is gone. This removes the link between EUI and IP functionality so the library is can now easily be split into distinct units without many interdependencies between layer 2 and layer 3 functionality.

•   The use of custom descriptor classes has been completely discontinued.

•   Strategy classes and singleton objects have been replaced with a group of strategy modules in their own netaddr.strategy namespace. Each IP or EUI address object now holds a reference to a module rather than a singleton object.

•   Many operations that were previously static class methods are now presented as functions in the relevant modules. See the API documentation for details.

•   The IP and CIDR classes have been replaced with two new classes called IPAddress and IPNetwork respectively. This name change is important as the IP part of netaddr has been completed redesigned. The notion of an individual IP address and an IP network or subnet has been made more obvious. IPAddress objects are now true scalars and do not evaluate in a list or tuple context. They also do not support any notion of a netmask or CIDR prefix; this is the primary function of an IPNetwork object.

•   Arbitrary IP ranges and are still supported but a lot of their functionality has also been exposed via handy functions.

•   IP globbing routines (previous known as Wildcards) have been moved into their own submodule.

•   Added a new IPSet class which fully emulates mutable Python sets. This replaces a lot of half-baked experimental classes found in 0.5.x and 0.6.x such as IPRangeSet and CIDRGroup. See documentation for details.

•   All methods and properties that previously used or supported the 'fmt' formatting property no longer do so. In all cases, objects are now returned to correctly support pass through calls without side effects. It is up to the user to extract data in the right format from the objects IPAddress objects returned as required.

•   Unit tests have been completed re-written to support docstring style tests bundled into test suites. These are handy as they double up as documentation being combined with wiki syntax. Implemented code coverage checking using coverage 3.x.

•   nash - a nascent shell like tool for the netaddr library (requires IPython).

•   Support for RFC 1924 added ;-)

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 13 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=13>

•   Searching for a match in a list of CIDR objects

    FIXED Issue 26 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=26>

•   Refactor out use of isinstance()

    FIXED Issue 28 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=28>

•   Add support for network block operations

    FIXED Issue 34 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=34>

•   Addition issue?

  Release: 0.6.4

Date: 11th Aug 2009

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 40 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=40>

•   Building RPM with "python setup.py bdist_rpm" fails, multiple errors

  Release: 0.6.3

Date: 23rd Jun 2009

  Changes since 0.6.2

•   Fixed line endings in a number of new files created under Windows.

•   Tweaked the ordering of values in tuple passed into the hash() function in the __hash__ method of the IP and IPRange classes to make it the same as the values used for comparisons implemented in the __eq__ method (Python best practice).

•   Added a number of unit tests to improve code coverage.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 33 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=33>

•   CIDR subtraction is broken for out-of-range CIDR objects

    FIXED Issue 35 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=35>

•   install error (on Python interpreters where socket.has_ipv6 is False)

    FIXED Issue 36 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=36>

•   netaddr.CIDR fails to parse default route CIDR

    FIXED Issue 37 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=37>

•   Bug in bitwise AND operator for IP addresses

    FIXED Issue 38 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=38>

•   Feature request: Addr.__nonzero__

    FIXED Issue 39 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=39>

•   CIDR.abbrev_to_verbose() not applying implicit classful netmask rules consistently

  Release: 0.6.2

Date: 13th Apr 2009

  Changes since 0.6.1

•   Refreshed IEEE and IANA data files with latest revisions from their respective URLs.

•   IANA IPv4 Address Space Registry (last updated 2009-03-11)

•   Internet Multicast Addresses (last updated 2009-03-17)

•   IEEE OUI and IAB files (last updated 2009-04-13)

•   Added get_latest_files() functions to both the netaddr.eui and netaddr.ip modules to assist in automating release builds.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 32 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=32>

•   Addr.__ne__ returns wrong answer

  Release: 0.6.1

Date: 6th Apr 2009

  Changes since 0.6

•   Added COPYRIGHT file with details and attribution for all 3rd party files bundled with netaddr.

•   Minimum Python version required is now 2.4.x changed from 2.3.x.

•   Python 2.3 compatibility code in many sections of code have been removed.

•   the @property and @staticmethod decorators are now used throughout the code along with the reversed() and sorted() builtin iterators.

•   A specific version check has also been added that will raise RuntimeError exceptions if you run netaddr on a Python interpreter version < 2.4.x.

•   Integer addresses passed to the IP() and EUI() constructors no longer require a mandatory second address type (AT_*) argument in most cases. This is now only really required to disambiguate between IPv4/IPv6 addresses with the same numerical value. The same behaviour applies to EUI-48/EUI-64 identifiers. A small speed boost is achieved if the 2nd address type argument is explicitly provided.

•   IPv6 addresses returned by EUI.ipv6_link_local() now always have a subnet prefix of /64.

•   Default sort order of aggregate classes (IPRange, CIDR and Wildcard) has been changed (again). They now sort initially by first address and then by network block size from largest to smallest which feels more natural.

•   Fixed a bug in the CIDR.abbrev_to_verbose() static method where IPv4 addresses with 4 octets (i.e. non-partial addresses) were being assigned subnet prefixes using abbreviated rules. All complete IPv4 addresses should always get a /32 prefix where it is not explicitly provided.

•   Abbreviated address expansion in the CIDR constructor is now optional and can be controlled by a new 'expand_abbrev' boolean argument.

•   Added the new CIDR.summarize() static method which transforms lists of IP addresses and CIDRs into their most compact forms. Great for trimming down large ad hoc address lists!

•   Added the previous() and next() methods to the CIDR classes which return the CIDR subnets either side of a given CIDR that are of the same size. For the CIDR 192.0.2.0/24, previous will return 192.0.1.0/24 and next will return 192.0.3.0/24. Also accepts and optional step size (default is 1).

•   Added the supernet() method to the CIDR class which returns a generator of all the subnets that contain the current CIDR found by decrementing the prefixlen value for each step until it reaches zero.

•   Changed the way the fallback code works when the socket module is missing important constants and functions.

•   Removed the uppercase options from the Strategy constructors and internals as this behaviour can be easily replicated using the word_fmt option instead and requires less code (word_fmt='%X').

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

FIXED Issue 23 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=23>

•   Improve IPv6 IPv4 mapped/compatible address formatting

    FIXED Issue 24 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=24>

•   bug in CIDR.subnet() when using the fmt argument

    FIXED Issue 29 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=29>

•   CIDR.subnet method's count argument isn't working as documented

    FIXED Issue 30 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=30>

•   not compatible with Python 2.3

    FIXED Issue 31 - <http://code.google.com/p/netaddr/issues/detail?id=31>

•   byte order in documentation confusing or wrong

  Release: 0.6

Date: 20th Jan 2009

  Changes since 0.5.x

•   Namespace changes

    3 new sub namespaces have been added :-

•   netaddr.eui

    Currently contains IEEE OUI and IAB classes and lookup code.

•   netaddr.ip

    Currently contains IANA IPv4, IPv6 and IPv4 multicast lookup code.

•   netaddr.core

    Currently contains only a couple of classes that are shared between code in netaddr.eui and netaddr.ip.

    Please Note: This change is part of a two stage internal restructuring of netaddr. In future releases, layer-2 MAC/EUI functionality will be separated from and layer-3 IP, CIDR and Wildcard functionality. All shared code will be moved to netaddr.core. When the migration is complete (expected in 0.7) the netaddr.address and netaddr.strategy namespaces will be removed. Please endeavour to access everything you need via the top-level netaddr namespace from this release onwards. See netaddr.__all__ for details of constants, objects, classes and functions intended for the public interface.

•   Addition of IEEE and IANA informational lookups

•   the IP() and EUI() classes now have an additional info() method through which contextual information about your addresses can be accessed. This data is published by IANA and the IEEE respectively and sourced directly from text files bundled with netaddr that are available for download publicly online. Details are available in the docstring of the relevant parsing classes. Subsequent netaddr releases will endeavour to keep up-to-date with any updates to these files.

•   the EUI() class has been updated with the addition of the OUI() and IAB() classes. They provide object based access to returned via the EUI.info() method. Please see API docs included with netaddr for details.

•   added new NotRegisteredError exception that is raised when an EUI doesn't match any currently registration entries in the IEEE registry files.

•   Addr() class removed from the public interface

•   This class is only ever meant to be used internally and its usage may soon be deprecated in favour converting it into an abstract base class in future releases.

•   Deletion of AddrRange() class

•   replaced with the more specific IPRange() class. AddrRange() wasn't very useful in practice. Too much time has been spent explaining its theoretical merits over its actual practicality for every day use.

•   Addition of new IPRange() class

•   the new base class for CIDR() and Wildcard().

•   a 'killer feature' of this new class are the new methods iprange(), cidrs() and wildcard() which allow you to use and switch between all 3 formats easily. IPRange('x', 'y').cidrs() is particularly useful returning all the intervening CIDRs between 2 arbitrary IP addresses.

•   IPRange() is a great place to expose several new methods available to sub classes. They are issupernet(), issubnet(), adjacent() and overlaps().

•   previous method called data_flavour() has been renamed (again) to a more suitable format().

•   IP() class updates

•   is_netmask() and is_hostmask() methods have been optimised and are now both approximately 4 times faster than previously!

•   added wildcard() and iprange() methods that return pre-initialised objects of those classes based on the current netmask / subnet prefix.

•   copy constructor methods ipv4() and ipv6() now preserve the value of the prefixlen property now also support IPv6 options for returning IPv4-mapped or IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses.

•   added new methods is_loopback(), is_private(), is_link_local(), is_ipv4_mapped() and is_ipv4_compat() which are all self explanatory.

•   added a bin() method which provides an IP address in the same format as the standard Python bin() builtin type ('0bxxx') now available in Python 2.6.x and higher.

•   added a packed() method which provides an IP address in packed binary string format, suitable for passing directly to Python socket calls.

•   nrange() generator function updates

•   by default this now returns IP() objects instead of Addr() objects.

•   CIDR() class updates

•   the 'strict_bitmask' option in the CIDR class constructor has been had a name change and is now just 'strict' (less typing).

•   support for Cisco ACL-style (hostmask) prefixes. Also available to the IP() class. They are converted to their netmask equivalents before being applied to the base address.

•   added a new subnet() generator method that returns iterators to subnet CIDRs found within the current CIDR object's boundaries e.g. a /24 CIDR can provide address with subnet prefixes between a /25 and /32.

•   added a new span() method which takes a list of IP, IPRange, CIDR and/or Wildcards returning a single CIDR that 'spans' the lowest and highest boundary addresses. An important property of this class is that only a single CIDR is returned and that it (potentially) overlaps the start and end addresses. The most important aspect of this method is that it identifies the left-most set of bits that are common to all supplied addresses. It is the plumbing that makes a lot of other features function correctly.

•   although IPv6 doesn't support the concept of a broadcast address, after some pondering I've decide to add network() and broadcast() methods to the CIDR class. It is an interface quirk that users expect so it has been added for ease of use.

•   the methods network(), broadcast(), hostmask() and netmask() have been wrapped in property() builtin calls to make them appear as read-only properties.

•   Many more MAC and IPv4 string address representation are now supported

•   Improvements to both EUI and IP classes. They now accept many more valid address formats than previously. Thanks for all the bugs tickets raised.

•   __repr__() method behaviour change

•   Using repr() now assume that you have performed a from netaddr import * before you execute them. They no longer specify the originating namespace of objects which is a bit unnecessary and a lot to read on-screen.They will also be moving around within the namespace shortly anyway so its best not to think of them as being anywhere other than directly below netaddr itself.

•   'klass' property renamed to 'fmt' (format)

•   now referred to as the 'format callable' property. An unfortunately but necessary change. 'klass' was a bad initial name choice as it most often doesn't even reference a class object also supporting references to Python types, builtin functions and user defined callables.

•   Complete re-work and consolidation of unit tests.

•   now over 100 tests covering all aspects of the API and library functionality.

•   Moved all tests into a single file. Lots of additional tests have been added along with interface checks to ensure netaddr's always presents a predictable set of properties and methods across releases.

•   Nascent support for Python eggs and setuptools.

•   Help is need to test this as it is not something I use personally.

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

•   Finally fixed the IPv6 string address compression algorithm so that it is now compliant with the socket modules inet_ntop() and inet_pton() calls. (not available on all platforms).

  Experimental Features

•   added bitwise operators to the IP class

•   does what it says on the tin. Does not effect that value of the IP object itself but rather, returns a new IP after the operation has been applied.

•   IPRangeSet() class added (EXPERIMENTAL).

•   the intention with this class is to allows you to create collections of unique IP(), IPRange(), CIDR() and Wildcard() objects. It provides iteration over IPs in the collection as well as several membership based operations such as any_match() all_matches(), min_match() and max_match().

•   lots more work to do here. Please raise bugs and feature requests against this as you find them. Improvements to this are coming in 0.7.

  Release: 0.5.2

Date: 29th Sep 2008

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

•   Fixed Issue 15 in bug tracker. Bad validation and conversion of IPv4 mapped IPv6 address values in IPv6Strategy class. Covered with unit test cases.

•   Updated PrefixLenDescriptor() class so that modifications to the property CIDR.prefixlen also update CIDR.first and CIDR.last keeping them in sync. Covered by unit test cases.

•   IP.hostname() method returns None when DNS lookup fails.

  Release: 0.5.1

Date: 23rd Sep 2008

  Specific bug fixes addressed in this release

•   CIDR constructor was throwing a TypeError for valid unicode string addresses which worked in previous releases. Fixed and covered with a unit test case.

•   The methods CIDR.netmask() and CIDR.hostmask() contained code errors that were causing them to fail. Problem fixed and covered with unit test case.

  Release: 0.5

Date: 19th Sep 2008

  Changes since 0.4.x

General

•   Access to all important object attributes in all netaddr classes now takes place via custom Python descriptor protocol classes. This has greatly simplified internal class logic and made external attributes changes much safer and less error prone. It has also made aggregate classes such as CIDR and Wildcard effectively read-write rather than read-only which they have been up until this release.

•   Amended the way sort order is calculated for Addr and AddrRange (sub)class instances so that the address type is taken into account as well as as the numerical value of the address or address range. The ascending sort order is IPv4, IPv6, EUI-48 and EUI-64. Sequences of AddrRange (sub)class instances now sort correctly!

•   Comparisons between instances of Addr and AddrRange (sub)classes now return False, rather than raising an AttributeError.

•   Added checks and workaround code for Python runtime environments that suffer from the infamous socket module inet_aton('255.255.255.255') bug. This was discovered recently in Python 2.4.x on PowerPC under MacOS X. The fix also applies in cases where the socket module is not available (e.g. on Google App Engine).

•   All general Exception raising in the strategy module has now been replaced with more specific exceptions, mainly ValueError (these were unintentionally missed out of the 0.4 release).

•   Implemented __hash__() operations for the Addr and AddrStrategy classes. This allows you to use IP, CIDR and Wildcard objects as keys in dictionaries and as elements in sets. Please note - this is currently an experimental feature which may change in future releases.

•   Added __ne__() operation to Addr and AddrRange classes.

•   Obeying the 'Law of Demeter', the address type of Addr and AddrRange (sub)class instances can be accessed using the property directly :- obj.addr_type # 0.5 onwards

    rather than having to go via the strategy object :- obj.strategy.addr_type # 0.4 and earlier

•   Renamed the AT_DESCR lookup dictionary to AT_NAMES. Removed invalid and duplicated imports from all modules.

    Addr class changes

•   Removed the setvalue() method from the Addr class and replaced all uses of __setattr__() replaced by custom descriptors throughout.

    IP class changes

•   Removed the ambiguity with masklen and prefixlen attributes in the IP class. prefixlen now denotes the number of bits that define the netmask for an IP address. The new method netmask_bits() returns the number of non-zero bits in an IP object if the is_netmask() method returns True. A prefixlen value other than /32 for an address where is_netmask() returns True is invalid and will raise a ValueError exception.

•   Removed the family() method from the IP class. It duplicates information now provided by the prefixlen property.

•   IP class has several new methods. is_multicast() and is_unicast() quickly tell you what category of IP address you have and while ipv4() and ipv6() act as IPv4 <-> IPv6 conversions or copy constructors depending on context.

•   Reverse DNS lookup entries now contain a trailing, top-level period (.) character appended to them.

•   Added the hostname() method to IP instances which performs a reverse DNS

•   The IP class __str__() method now omits the subnet prefix is now implicit for IPv4 addresses that are /32 and IPv6 addresses that are /128. Subnet prefix is maintained in return value for all other values.

    AddrRange class changes

•   The AddrRange class no longer stores instances of Addr (sub)classes for the first and last address in the range. The instance variables self.start_addr and self.stop_addr have been renamed to self.first and self.last and the methods obj.first() and obj.last() have been removed.

    Instead, self.first and self.last contain integer values and a reference to a strategy object is stored. Doing this is a lot more useful and cleaner for implementing internal logic.

    To get Addr (sub)class objects (or strings, hex etc when manipulating the the klass property) use the index values obj[0] and obj[-1] as a substitute for obj.first() and obj.last() respectively.

•   AddrRange (sub)class instances now define the increment, __iadd__(), and decrement, __isub__(), operators. This allows you to 'slide' CIDRs and Wildcards upwards and downwards based on their block sizes.

•   The _retval() method has now been renamed data_flavour() - yes, the UK spelling ;-) You shouldn't really care much about this as it mostly for internal use. I gave it a decent name as I didn't see any real need to hide the functionality if users wanted it.

    CIDR class changes

•   The strictness of the CIDR class constructor in relation to non-zero bits once the prefix bitmask has been applied can be disabled use the optional argument strict_bitmask=False. It is True (strictness enabled) by default.

•   Fixed a bug in abbreviated CIDR conversion. Subnet prefix for multicast address 224.0.0.0 is now /4 instead of /8.

•   The CIDR class now supports subtraction between two CIDR objects, returning a list of the remainder. Please note that the bigger of the two CIDR objects must be on the left hand side of the the expression, otherwise an empty list is return. Sorry, you are not allowed to create negative CIDRs ;-)

•   The function abbrev_to_cidr() has been renamed to and turned into the static method CIDR.abbrev_to_verbose(). No major changes to the logic have been made.

    Wildcard class changes

•   The Wildcard class now defines a static method Wildcard.is_valid() that allows you to perform validity tests on wildcard strings without fully instantiation a Wildcard object.

  Release: 0.4

Date: 7th Aug 2008

  Changes since 0.3.x

•   All general Exception raising has been replaced with more specific exceptions such as TypeError and ValueError and with the addition of two custom exception classes, AddrFormatError and AddrConversionError.

•   The IP class now accepts a subnet prefix. It is NOT strict about non-zero bits to the right of implied subnet mask, unlike the CIDR class (see below).

•   The CIDR class is now completely strict about non-zero bits to the right of the implied subnet netmask and raises a ValueError if they exist, with a handy hint as to the correct CIDR to be used based on the supplied subnet prefix.

•   The CIDR class now also supports abbreviated CIDR ranges and uses older classful network address rules to decided on a subnet prefix if one is not explicitly provided. Supported forms now include 10, 10/8 and 192.168/16. Currently only supports these options for IPv4 CIDR address ranges.

•   __repr__() methods have been defined for all classes in the netaddr module producing executable Python statements that can be used to re-create the state of any object.

•   CIDR and Wildcard classes now have methods that support conversions between these two aggregate types :-

•   CIDR -> Wildcard

•   Wildcard -> CIDR

  Housekeeping Changes

•   Massive docstring review and tidy up with the inclusino of epydoc specific syntax to spruce up auto-generated API documentation.

•   Thorough review of code using pylint.

•   Netaddr module now has the special __version__ variable defined which is also referenced by setup.py.

•   Some minor changes to setup.py and MANIFEST.in.

•   Constants and custom Exception classes have been moved to __init__.py from strategy.py

•   An import * friendly __all__ has been defined for the netaddr namespace which should remove the need to delve too much into the address and strategy submodules.

•   Fixed a number of line-ending issues in several files.

COPYRIGHT

Here are the copyright notices applicable to the netaddr library.

  netaddr

Copyright (c) 2008 David P. D. Moss Portions Copyright (c) 2020 netaddr contributors

Released under the BSD license. See the LICENSE file for details.

  IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)

netaddr is not sponsored nor endorsed by IANA.

Use of data from IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) is subject to copyright and is provided with prior written permission.

IANA data files included with netaddr are not modified in any way but are parsed and made available to end users through an API.

See README file and source code for URLs to latest copies of the relevant files.

  IEEE (Institution of Electrical Engineers)

netaddr is not sponsored nor endorsed by the IEEE.

Use of data from the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is subject to copyright. See the following URL for details :

<http://www.ieee.org/web/publications/rights/legal.html>

IEEE data files included with netaddr are not modified in any way but are parsed and made available to end users through an API. There is no guarantee that referenced files are not out of date.

See README file and source code for URLs to latest copies of the relevant files.

LICENSE

Here are the licenses applicable to the use of the netaddr library.

  netaddr

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Copyright (c) 2008 David P. D. Moss Portions Copyright (c) 2020 netaddr contributors

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

•   Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

•   Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

•   Neither the name of David P. D. Moss nor the names of contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

AUTHORS

•   David P. D. Moss (author, maintainer) <drkjam@gmail.com>

•   Stefan Nordhausen (maintainer) <stefan.nordhausen@immobilienscout24.de>

•   Jakub Stasiak (maintainer) <jakub@stasiak.at>

    Released under the BSD License (see License <> for details).

CONTRIBUTORS

netaddr is written by David P. D. Moss and currently maintained by Jakub Stasiak.

It is released under the BSD License.

Many people further contributed to netaddr by reporting problems, suggesting various improvements or submitting actual code. Here is a list of these people (in alphabetical order). Help me keep it complete and free of errors. Vincent Bernat <bernat AT debian.org>

Sebastien Douche <sdouche AT gmail.com>

John Eckersberg <john DOT eckersberg AT gmail.com>

Yi-Jheng Lin <yzlin AT cs.nctu.edu.tw>

Clay McClure <clay AT daemons.net>

Duncan McGreggor <duncan DOT mcgreggor AT gmail.com>

Stefan Nordhausen <stefan DOT nordhausen AT axiros.com>

Brian F. Peters <brianfpeters AT gmail.com>

James William Pye <jwp AT gmail.com>

Chaitan Rogers <chaitan DOT rogers AT gmail.com>

Victor Stinner <victor DOT stinner AT haypocalc.com>

Andrew Stromnov <stromnov AT gmail.com>

Thanks to everyone on the netaddr mailing list, those who raised bug reports and to all those who have, directly and indirectly, guided and influenced the development and distribution of this library.

Thanks also for the use of the following code contributions :-

a.  Python Cookbook recipe 18.11: "Formatting Integers as Binary Strings" Python Cookbook 2d ed. (O'Reilly Media 2005) ISBN 0596-00797-3 Alex Martelli, Anna Martelli Ravenscroft and David Ascher

b.  ASPN Cookbook Recipe 466286: "Integer set type" by Heiko Wundram <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/466286/>

    And last but not least, thanks to Guido van Rossum for his encouraging words and for giving us all Python.

INDICES AND TABLES

•   Index <>

•   Search Page <>

Author
David P. D. Moss

Copyright
2008 David P. D. Moss, 2020 netaddr contributors