NANO(1)

NAME
nano - Nano's ANOther text editor, inspired by Pico

SYNOPSIS
nano [options] [[+line[,column]] file]...

nano [options] [[+[crCR]{/|?}string] file]...

DESCRIPTION
nano is a small and friendly text editor. It copies the look and feel of Pico, but is free software, and implements a few features that Pico lacks, such as: opening multiple files, scrolling per line, undo/redo, syntax coloring, line numbering, and soft-wrapping overlong lines.

When giving a filename on the command line, the cursor can be put on a specific line by adding the line number with a plus sign (+) before the filename, and even in a specific column by adding it with a comma. Negative numbers count from the end of the file or line.

The cursor can be put on the first or last occurrence of a specific string by specifying that string after +/ or +? before the filename. The string can be made case sensitive and/or caused to be interpreted as a regular expression by inserting c and/or r after the + sign. These search modes can be explicitly disabled by using the uppercase variant of those letters: C and/or R. When the string contains spaces, it needs to be enclosed in quotes. To give an example: to open a file at the first occurrence of the word "Foo", you would do:

    nano +c/Foo file

As a special case: if instead of a filename a dash (-) is given, nano will read data from standard input.

NOTICES
Since version 9.0, all lines are scrolled horizontally together (when the cursor approaches the edge), by just the amount needed, instead of scrolling only the current line by a large step. If you prefer the old behavior, you can use --solo on the command line or set solosidescroll in your nanorc.

Also since version 9.0, keystrokes M-< and M-> have been reassigned to the scrollleft and scrollright functions. If you want those keystrokes to do what they did before version 9.0, add these two lines at the end of your nanorc file:

    bind M-< prevbuf main
    bind M-> nextbuf main

Since version 8.0, to be newcomer friendly, ^F starts a forward search, ^B starts a backward search, M-F searches the next occurrence forward, and M-B searches the next occurrence backward. If you want those keystrokes to do what they did before version 8.0, add the following four lines at the end of your nanorc file:

    bind ^F forward main
    bind ^B back main
    bind M-F formatter main
    bind M-B linter main

EDITING
Entering text and moving around in a file are straightforward: typing the letters and using the normal cursor movement keys. Commands are entered by using the Control (^) and the Alt or Meta (M-) keys. Typing ^K deletes the current line and puts it in the cutbuffer. Consecutive ^Ks put all deleted lines together in the cutbuffer. Any cursor movement or executing any other command causes the next ^K to overwrite the cutbuffer. A ^U pastes the current contents of the cutbuffer at the current cursor position.

When a more precise piece of text needs to be cut or copied, you can mark its start with ^6, move the cursor to its end (the marked text is highlighted), and then use ^K to cut it, or M-6 to copy it to the cutbuffer. You can also save the marked text to a file with ^O, or spell check it with ^T^T.

On some terminals, text can be selected also by holding down Shift while using the arrow keys. Holding down the Ctrl or Alt key too increases the stride. Any cursor movement without Shift being held cancels such a selection.

Any valid Unicode code point can be inserted into the buffer by typing M-V followed by the hexadecimal digits of the code point (concluded with <Space> or <Enter> when it are fewer than six digits). A literal control code (except ^J) can be inserted by typing M-V followed by the pertinent keystroke.

The two lines at the bottom of the screen show some important commands; the built-in help (^G) lists all the available ones. The default key bindings can be changed via a nanorc file — see nanorc(5).

OPTIONS

-A, --smarthome
    Make the Home key smarter. When Home is pressed anywhere but at the very beginning of non-whitespace characters on a line, the cursor jumps to that beginning (either forwards or backwards). If the cursor is already at that position, it jumps to the true beginning of the line.

-B, --backup
    When saving a file, back up the previous version of it, using the current filename suffixed with a tilde (~).

-C directory, --backupdir=directory
    Make and keep not just one backup file, but make and keep a uniquely numbered one every time a file is saved — when backups are enabled (-B). The uniquely numbered files are stored in the specified directory.

-D, --boldtext
    For the interface, use bold instead of reverse video. This can be overridden for specific elements by setting the options titlecolor, statuscolor, promptcolor, minicolor, keycolor, numbercolor, and/or selectedcolor in your nanorc file. See nanorc(5).

-E, --tabstospaces
    Convert each typed tab to spaces — to the number of spaces that a tab at that position would take up. (Note: pasted tabs are not converted.)

-F, --multibuffer
    Read a file into a new buffer by default.

-G, --locking
    Use vim-style file locking when editing files.

-H, --historylog
    Save the last hundred search strings and replacement strings and executed commands, so they can be easily reused in later sessions.

-I, --ignorercfiles
    Don't look at the system's nanorc nor at the user's nanorc.

-J number, --guidestripe=number
    Draw a vertical stripe at the given column, to help judge the width of the text. (The color of the stripe can be changed with set stripecolor in your nanorc file.)

-K, --rawsequences
    Interpret escape sequences directly, instead of asking ncurses to translate them. (If you need this option to get some keys to work properly, it means that the terminfo terminal description that is used does not fully match the actual behavior of your terminal. This can happen when you ssh into a BSD machine, for example.) Using this option disables nano's mouse support.

-L, --nonewlines
    Don't automatically add a newline when a text does not end with one. (This can cause you to save non-POSIX text files.)

-M, --trimblanks
    Snip trailing whitespace from the wrapped line when automatic hard-wrapping occurs or when text is justified.

-N, --noconvert
    Disable automatic conversion of files from DOS format.

-O, --bookstyle
    When justifying, treat any line that starts with whitespace as the beginning of a paragraph (unless auto-indenting is on).

-P, --positionlog
    For the 200 most recent files, log the last position of the cursor, and place it at that position again upon reopening such a file. Also save and restore the positions of any anchors.

-Q "regex", --quotestr="regex"
    Set the regular expression for matching the quoting part of a line. The default value is "^([ \t]*([!#%:;>|}]|//))+". (Note that \t stands for an actual Tab.) This makes it possible to rejustify blocks of quoted text when composing email, and to rewrap blocks of line comments when writing source code.

-R, --restricted
    Read and write only the file (or files) specified on the command line. This means: don't read or write the history files; don't allow suspending; don't allow spell checking; don't allow executing any command in the shell; don't allow the current buffer to be saved under a different name; don't allow appending or prepending to any file; and don't make backup files.

    As an exception, before the specified file or files, the nanorc files are read, to allow customization. If customization should not be allowed, use option -I (--ignorercfiles) as well.

    When no file is specified on the command line, restricted mode allows you to save the contents that you type into the new buffer under any name, except that existing files may not be overwritten. If the places where this new file may be created should be limited, then use option -o (--operatingdir) as well.

    Restricted mode can also be activated by invoking nano with a name beginning with 'r' (for example: rnano).

-S, --softwrap
    Display over multiple screen rows lines that exceed the screen's width. (You can make this soft-wrapping occur at whitespace instead of rudely at the screen's edge, by using also --atblanks.)

-T number, --tabsize=number
    Set the size (width) of a tab to number columns. The value of number must be greater than 0. The default value is 8.

-U, --quickblank
    Make status-bar messages disappear after 1 keystroke instead of after 20. Note that option -c (--constantshow) overrides this. When option --minibar or --zero is in effect, --quickblank makes a message disappear after 0.8 seconds instead of after the default 1.5 seconds.

-V, --version
    Show the current version number and exit.

-W, --wordbounds
    Detect word boundaries differently by treating punctuation characters as part of a word.

-X "characters", --wordchars="characters"
    Specify which other characters (besides the normal alphanumeric ones) should be considered as part of a word. When using this option, you probably want to omit -W (--wordbounds).

-Y name, --syntax=name
    Specify the name of the syntax highlighting to use from among the ones defined in the nanorc files.

-Z, --zap
    Let an unmodified Backspace or Delete erase the marked region (instead of a single character, and without affecting the cutbuffer).

-a, --atblanks
    When doing soft line wrapping, wrap lines at whitespace instead of always at the edge of the screen.

-b, --breaklonglines
    Automatically hard-wrap the current line when it becomes overlong, that is: when it becomes wider than the value given with -r (--fill). The default value for -r is the terminal's width minus eight. (This option is the opposite of -w (--nowrap) — the last one given takes effect.)

-c, --constantshow
    Constantly report the cursor position on the status bar. Note that this overrides option -U (--quickblank).

-d, --rebinddelete
    Interpret the Delete and Backspace keys differently so that both Backspace and Delete work properly. You should only use this option when on your system either Backspace acts like Delete or Delete acts like Backspace.

-e, --emptyline
    Do not use the line below the title bar, leaving it entirely blank.

-f file, --rcfile=file
    Read only this file for setting nano's options, instead of reading both the system-wide and the user's nanorc files.

-g, --showcursor
    Make the cursor visible in the file browser (putting it on the highlighted item) and in the help viewer. Useful for braille users and people with poor vision.

-h, --help
    Show a summary of the available command-line options and exit.

-i, --autoindent
    Automatically indent a newly created line to the same number of tabs and/or spaces as the previous line (or as the next line if the previous line is the beginning of a paragraph).

-j, --jumpyscrolling
    Scroll the buffer contents per half-screen instead of per line.

-k, --cutfromcursor
    Make the 'Cut Text' command (normally ^K) cut from the current cursor position to the end of the line, instead of cutting the entire line.

-l, --linenumbers
    Display line numbers to the left of the text area. (Any line with an anchor additionally gets a mark in the margin.)

-m, --mouse
    Enable mouse support, if available for your system. When enabled, mouse clicks can be used to place the cursor, set the mark (with a double click), and execute shortcuts. The mouse works in the X Window System, and on the console when gpm is running. Text can still be selected through dragging by holding down the Shift key.

-n, --noread
    Treat any name given on the command line as a new file. This allows nano to write to named pipes: it starts with a blank buffer, and writes to the pipe when the user saves the “file”. This way nano can be used as an editor in combination with for instance gpg without having to write sensitive data to disk first.

-o directory, --operatingdir=directory
    Change to the given directory, and allow reading and writing files only in this directory and its subdirectories.

-p, --preserve
    Preserve the XOFF and XON sequences (^S and ^Q) so that they are caught by the terminal (stopping and resuming the output). Note that option -/ (--modernbindings) overrides this.

-q, --indicator
    Display a “scrollbar” on the righthand side of the edit window. It shows the position of the viewport in the buffer and how much of the buffer is covered by the viewport.

-r number, --fill=number
    Set the target width for justifying and automatic hard-wrapping at this number of columns. If the value is 0 or less, wrapping occurs at the width of the screen minus number columns, allowing the wrap point to vary along with the width of the screen if the screen is resized. The default value is -8.

-s "program [argument ...]", --speller="program [argument ...]"
    Use this command to perform spell checking and correcting, instead of using the built-in corrector that calls hunspell(1) or spell(1).

-t, --saveonexit
    Save a changed buffer without prompting (when exiting with ^X).

-u, --unix
    Save a file by default in Unix format. This overrides nano's default behavior of saving a file in the format that it had. (This option has no effect when you also use --noconvert.)

-v, --view
    Just view the file and disallow editing: read-only mode. This mode allows the user to open also other files for viewing, unless --restricted is given too.

-w, --nowrap
    Do not automatically hard-wrap the current line when it becomes overlong. This is the default. (This option is the opposite of -b (--breaklonglines) — the last one given takes effect.)

-x, --nohelp
    Don't show the two help lines at the bottom of the screen.

-y, --afterends
    Make Ctrl+Right and Ctrl+Delete stop at word ends instead of beginnings.

-z, --listsyntaxes
    List the names of the available syntaxes and exit.

-!, --magic
    When neither the file's name nor its first line give a clue, try using libmagic to determine the applicable syntax.

-@, --colonparsing
    When a filename given on the command line ends in a colon plus digits and this filename does not exist, then snip the colon plus digits and understand the digits as a line number. If the trimmed filename does not exist either, then repeat the process and understand the obtained two numbers as line and column number. But if the doubly trimmed filename does not exist either, then forget the trimming and accept the original filename as is. To disable this colon parsing for some file, use +1 or similar before the relevant filename.

-%, --stateflags
    Use the top-right corner of the screen for showing some state flags: I when auto-indenting, M when the mark is on, L when hard-wrapping (breaking long lines), R when recording a macro, and S when soft-wrapping. When the buffer is modified, a star (*) is shown after the filename in the center of the title bar.

-_, --minibar
    Suppress the title bar and instead show information about the current buffer at the bottom of the screen, in the space for the status bar. In this “mini bar” the filename is shown on the left, followed by an asterisk if the buffer has been modified. On the right are displayed the current line and column number, the code of the character under the cursor (in Unicode format: U+xxxx), the same flags as are shown by --stateflags, and a percentage that expresses how far the cursor is into the file (linewise). When a file is loaded or saved, and also when switching between buffers, the number of lines in the buffer is displayed after the filename. This number is cleared upon the next keystroke, or replaced with an [i/n] counter when multiple buffers are open. The line plus column numbers and the character code are displayed only when --constantshow is used, and can be toggled on and off with M-C. The state flags are displayed only when --stateflags is used.

-0, --zero
    Hide all elements of the interface (title bar, status bar, and help lines) and use all rows of the terminal for showing the contents of the buffer. The status bar appears only when there is a significant message, and disappears after 1.5 seconds or upon the next keystroke. With M-Z the title bar plus status bar can be toggled. With M-X the help lines.

-1, --solosidescroll
    When the cursor approaches the right edge of the edit window, scroll only the current line sideways by a large amount, instead of scrolling all visible lines sideways by just the amount needed to keep the cursor in view. This latter whole-window smooth sideways scrolling is the new default behavior. The single-line jerky sideways scrolling enabled by this option was the old behavior — the only behavior that nano knew.

-/, --modernbindings
    Use key bindings similar to the ones that most modern programs use: ^X cuts, ^C copies, ^V pastes, ^Z undoes, ^Y redoes, ^F searches forward, ^G searches next, ^S saves, ^O opens a file, ^Q quits, and (when the terminal permits) ^H shows help. Furthermore, ^A sets the mark, ^B searches backward, ^D searches previous, ^R makes replacements, ^P shows the position, ^T goes to a line, ^W writes out a file, and ^E executes a command. Note that this option overrides option -p (--preserve).

TOGGLES
Several of the above options can be switched on and off also while nano is running. For example, M-L toggles the hard-wrapping of long lines, M-S toggles soft-wrapping, M-N toggles line numbers, M-M toggles the mouse, M-I auto-indentation, and M-X the help lines. See at the end of the ^G help text for a complete list.

The M-X toggle is special: it works in all menus except the help viewer and the linter. All other toggles work in the main menu only.

FILES
When --rcfile is given, nano reads just the specified file for setting its options and syntaxes and key bindings. Without that option, nano reads two configuration files: first the system's nanorc (if it exists), and then the user's nanorc (if it exists), either ~/.nanorc or $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/nano/nanorc or ~/.config/nano/nanorc, whichever is encountered first. See nanorc(5) for more information on the possible contents of those files.

See /usr/share/nano/ and /usr/share/nano/extra/ for available syntax-coloring definitions.

EXIT STATUS

0   The editor finished normally.

1   An invalid option or option argument was given.

2   The last open buffer was discarded (with ^O^Q or ^X^Q).

NOTES
Suspension is enabled by default, reachable via ^T^Z. (If you want a plain ^Z to suspend nano, add bind ^Z suspend main to your nanorc.)

At a Yes-No prompt, ^Y can be used for "Yes", ^N for "No", and ^A for "All". (And when exiting, ^Q can be used for "Quit with error".) These unlisted bindings work in any locale.

When you want to copy marked text from nano to the system's clipboard, see one of the examples in the nanorc(5) man page.

If no alternative spell checker command is specified on the command line nor in one of the nanorc files, nano checks the SPELL environment variable for one.

In some cases nano tries to dump the buffer into an emergency file. This happens mainly if nano receives a SIGHUP or SIGTERM or runs out of memory. It writes the buffer into a file named nano.save if the buffer didn't have a name already, or adds a ".save" suffix to the current filename. If an emergency file with that name already exists in the current directory, it adds ".save" plus a number (for example: ".save.1") to the current filename in order to make it unique. In multibuffer mode, nano writes all open buffers to their respective emergency files.

If you have any question about how to use nano in some specific situation, you can ask on help-nano@gnu.org.

BUGS
The recording and playback of keyboard macros works correctly only on a terminal emulator, not on a Linux console (VT), because the latter does not by default distinguish modified from unmodified arrow keys.

Please report any other bugs that you encounter via:
https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=nano.

When nano crashes, it saves any modified buffers to emergency .save files. If you are able to reproduce the crash and you want to get a backtrace, define the environment variable NANO_NOCATCH.

HOMEPAGE
https://nano-editor.org/

SEE ALSO
nanorc(5)

/usr/share/doc/nano/ (or equivalent on your system)